When Different Kinds Of Organisms Interact

When Different Kinds Of Organisms Interact Microorganisms, as the name suggests, are extremely minute organisms which are impossible to be observed by the naked eyes. Due to their size, they are mostly interpreted as being single-celled organisms and include different types of organisms in their classification bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea and protists. Also, there are some animals which are so small that they need to be visualised under microscope for their structure to be determined, hence are termed as microscopic animals. While most of the microorganisms, due to their ability to interrupt with the normal cellular activities of other living organisms, are considered mostly as being pathogenic, they are also advantageous in a huge number of ways and their role in nature makes them crucial for the balance of the ecosystem. When different kinds of organisms interact with each other for living, the process of symbiosis occurs. The symbiosis can occur through the fusion of one organism into the other known as endosymbiosis or just through the extracellular communication of the organisms known as ectosymbiosis. The interaction among these organisms can occur in different forms such as mutualism where both of the organisms associate to benefit from each other, commensalism where one organism is in an advantageous stage while the other remains neutral with no gain or loss and parasitism where an organism takes the benefits for its survival by harming the other organism it is attached with (Prescott, 1999). The symbiotic behaviour of the microorganisms which helps them in forming different kind of relationships such as mutualism and commensalism with different kinds of animals has proved to be very beneficial for them. One of the significant benefits has been the aid provided by the microorganisms during the digestion of food in the intestinal tract of the animals. For example the presence of the microbial ecology inside the body of ruminant animals has played a huge role in the food digestion process within their rumen. Ruminant animals, which depend mainly on grasses and other fibre-rich plants, gain cellulose after food consumption to supply their high demand for energy. However, the lack of natural enzyme within their bodies can be counter effective during the cellular activities of these animals. This problem is overcome by different microorganisms found inside the rumen of the ruminants such as ciliated protozoa, anaerobic fungi and many bacterial species such as Fibrobacter succi nogenes and Ruminococcus albus which provide enzymes for breaking down cellulose to various carbon products such as glucose for energy. These organisms which create carbon cycle within the body of ruminants are important in providing organic compounds, proteins and vitamins to the animals (Wallace, 2008). Also, there are other organisms such as leaf-cutting insects which heavily rely on different types of bacteria for their nutrition. These bacteria belonging to different families such as Enterobacteriacaea and different genera such as Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Klebsiella, etc., which together form a fungal population, acquire the capability of degrading the fibres that constitute the cell walls of the plant. These polymers are hydrolysed into smaller monomers due to the fungal activities and are very useful for these leaf-cutting insects such as ants to achieve energy for survival. The relationship of the fungus and the leaf-cutting insects is mutual as the insects which cultivate the fungus help the microorganisms by sheltering them in a safe and facilitated environment within the leaves (Suen et.al. 2010). Not only animals, but microorganisms, with their efficiency in creating symbiosis with different living creatures, have been very helpful for the growth and maintenance of huge variety of plants in many numbers of ways. The roots are the main pathways for the absorption of different nutritional components needed for the plants to survive and grow. To do so, they come in contact with the soil hence fixing the plants into stationary position. This area of the interaction of the plant roots and the soil is called the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere contains a number of microorganisms which form mutualistic relationship with the plants, therefore allowing both of the plants and the microorganisms to exist and function normally. Different types of microorganisms such as the fungal strain, Trichoderma viride, are very important in protecting the soil against pathogens by producing antibiotics. This is crucial for the plants as it helps them to avoid different diseases. Besides this, plants ab sorb different molecules synthesised by different microorganisms present in the region to support their development. Some of the molecules include plant hormones such as gibberellic acid produced by the fungus, Gibberella fujikuro, cytokinins, auxins, etc., along with various other components such as amino acids, sugars and vitamins which help the plants to grow and maintain their structure (Starkey, 1958). Along with different organic molecules, several inorganic factors are also needed for ensuring the growth of plants. Among these, nitrogen is considered to be a vital aspect for the plant development. Nitrogen gases, which dominate the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s atmosphere, cannot be used directly by the plant materials and so need to be converted into various nitrogen containing compounds. During this process of nitrogen fixing, different microorganisms come into play making it possible for the plants to absorb the compounds. Among different types of plants, leguminous plants use different bacteria such as Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium for the fixing of nitrogen. These bacteria enter into the plants by piercing through the walls and the epidermis of the root cells and ultimately giving rise to the nodules. After the entry, the microorganisms become active for nitrogen fixation at the site called bacteroids present within the nodule. The nodules also contain leghemoglobin which have features similar to that of haemoglobin in human beings. The ability of these molecules to provide oxygen is very important for the bacteroids to maintain their ATP level and also for the nodules to give their red colour. The darkness of the nodule helps in determining the degree of N2 fixation. Besides the symbiotic relation of Rhizobium and leguminous plants, the interaction between the bacteria and other non-leguminous plants such as Parasponia andersonii also occurs to fix the nitrogen. Apart from Rhizobium, several other ba cteria such as Frankia form symbiotic relationship with various dicotyledonous plants for the formation of the nodules. These nodules, in presence of sufficient oxygen, increase their nitrogenous activity and help in fixing nitrogen required for the growth and development of plants (Burris et.al. 1992). Likewise, different microorganisms also play huge role in the area of biotechnology. The use of the biotechnology which has great impact in different fields such as medicine, agriculture, engineering, etc. make use of biological organisms and are involved in some sort of industrial processes. This also includes food technology which has been hugely influenced by the use of microorganisms during the process. One of the important aspects of the food technology where microorganisms are utilised includes fermentation. Fermentation is the process of oxidising the sugar molecules such as carbohydrates for the formation of smaller molecules such as alcohol and carbon dioxide which are simultaneously reduced in an oxygen deprived environment. So, the fermentation process has been used for the production of different kinds of alcohol such as wine where different strains of yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces ellipsoideus are used to extract the alcoholic content from the c arbohydrates as well as beer which are produced by the fermentation of starch obtained from cereals using other strains of yeast such as Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (Prescott, 1999). Besides producing alcohol, milk can also be fermented to produce lactic acid which is useful in dairy products such as yogurt, cream, cheese, butter, etc. To synthesise these products, different lactic acid bacteria belonging to various genera such as Lactococcus, Lactobacilli, Enterococci, Streptococci, etc. are used during the fermentation process. Different strains of these bacteria are used in different ways to achieve the desired product such as the bacteria Lactobacilli bulagricus and Streptococcus thermophilus provide the milk with good texture and flavour giving yogurt as the end product. However, the inability of some other bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus to provide texture leaves the milk only with considerable acidity (Acidophilus milk). This is one of the useful products of milk fermentation (Vuyst 2000). Also, the process of bread making is highly affected by the bacterial strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae which ferment different saccharides such as glucose and fructose present naturally in the dough, sucrose added by the baker and maltose produced through the breakdown of starch into acids. The fermentation converts the sugars into acids such as CO2, hence providing the bread with the needed texture, taste and odour (Attfield et.al. 2001). In addition to these, fermentation industry has been proved to be very advantageous to meet the high demand of antibiotics whilst maintaining the economy during their production. These antibiotics are generated from the growth of microorganisms such as different strains of fungus Penicillium and are known as secondary metabolites. This rapid production of antibiotics is useful in different areas ranging from human bodies to soil to combat different pathogens and other harmful microbes (Wilkinson, 1975). Along with the use of the microorganisms in different fields of biotechnology, rapid development has been observed in the genetic engineering where the DNA of an organism is modified using several means such as enzymes and vectors and recombinant DNA is obtained that is used to for benefits. Microorganisms have been modified for different medical purposes. The proteins that have the potential of treating certain diseases or illness have been extracted through the genetically modified microorganisms. The alternation of genes in an organism to treat diseases known as gene therapy makes great use of different strains of bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria as well as Escherichia coli and certain types of yeast (Vassaux et.al. 2005). Among these, there has been significant achievement in the cancer treatment through the use of modified microorganisms. Various microorganisms such belonging to the strains of Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Bacillus and L isteria, which are either obligate anaerobic or facultative anaerobic, have the ability of supressing the tumour growth by acting as anticancer agents and hence targeting the overgrowing cells (Bernades et.al. 2010). Similarly, the use of vaccines has been very important to treat different diseases such as small pox, measles, mumps, polio, etc. These vaccines which are inserted into organismsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ bodies carry several antigens and so induce the immune response within the body systems. The production of these useful antigens is possible through the different microbial strains of bacteria and viruses such as Staphylococcus  carnosus, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, etc. which are weakened and are used as carriers for the antigens. This causes the antibodies against certain pathogens to be produced inside the living body of the organisms (Schoen et al. 2007). The technique of genetically modifying microorganisms has been of great use in the field of agriculture. Different bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens are used to produce recombinant DNA with desired gene and are transferred into the plants in order to produce different plant growth hormones and hence increase crop productivity. Also, the genes from other bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis have been transformed using recombinant DNA technology and inserted into the plant cells of different types such as tomato and tobacco enabling them to resist against diseases caused by the pests. Besides different pests, fungi and insects, the frost formation can also disturb the normal functioning of cells in many agricultural crops. There are several biological agents that can induce in the nucleation of ice layer in the leaf surfaces. To reduce the effects of these agents, several microorganisms such as ice-minus strain of Pseudomonas syringae bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Erwi nia herbicola, etc. are used to protect the plants against ice formation (Atlas, 1998). With so many benefits and many more such as in treatment of sewages and wastes, energy recovery through large production of biomass that are brought through the use of microorganisms, they can hardly be considered as disease causing agents. All the advantages are very necessary to maintain the equilibrium of the environment and to benefit human beings during daily survivals. While the pathogenic organisms that carry diseases need to be controlled from growth, attempt of eradicating the microorganisms completely from the ecosystem needs to be avoided as this can counter balance the positive effects carried by them and can induce a serious threat to the survival of some other organisms in the living system.

Juvenile Justice Essay

Crimes are usually assumed to have been committed by adults, unfortunately, in today’s society; crimes are committed by juveniles at a growing rate. Maybe juveniles are viewing too many violent television shows or movies, playing too many violent video games, or maybe juveniles are committing crimes out of boredom. Nevertheless, the pertinent issue is the fact that juveniles are participating in the commission of criminal activity at an adult level. Juveniles are no longer stealing candy bars from the local grocery store, but they are committing violent crimes against other people. Even more astounding is the fact that these same juvenile offenders are walking away with only probation as their punishment. For the most part, juveniles commit offenses pertaining to property, public nuisances, and underage drug and alcohol related crimes. Violent crimes against other persons such as assault and battery and murder are now included in the list of crimes committed by juveniles (Torbet, 1996). In order to understand why specific crimes are committed, one must carefully examine the juvenile offender. Juvenile offenders are both male and female. Some come from broken or single-parent homes lacking adequate supervision of the juvenile during the evening hours. Some juveniles are suffering from an undiagnosed psychological disorder whereby making it difficult for the juvenile to understand the consequences of his or her criminal actions. Finally, some juveniles have become associated with local gangs or gang members as a means of joining the group. Probation is a necessary factor within the juvenile justice system. There is however, the lingering question as to what crimes constitute a probationary sentence and what crimes mandate incarceration. First time offenders have almost always been guaranteed probation as a means of scaring the juvenile into straightening out their life (Gaines & Miller, 2008). Juveniles having committed petty larceny, underage drinking violations, and simple assaults may also be good candidates for probation, but juveniles who have committed felonies should not be afforded probation. Juvenile probation enacts specific mandates in order to retrain and discipline the offender for his or her wrongdoing against society. Community service and attending school are most common requirements of probation. Some courts even order the juvenile to pay restitution to the victims. Curfews are strictly enforced as are daily or weekly reporting to the assigned probation officer (Torbet, 1996). In certain cases, substance abuse counseling and attending groups such as narcotics anonymous or alcoholics anonymous are provisioned. Counseling is generally enforced as a condition of probation and may include anger management classes and social skills building therapy (Gaines & Miller, 2008). If a juvenile fails to meet any provisions set forth by the probation officer, the juvenile’s probation could ultimately be revoked. It is difficult to combat or devise a universal solution to the juvenile delinquency problem in this country. Many programs have been created in order to aid the juvenile justice system by attempting to discourage repeat offenders. Some courts may find it necessary to require random urinalysis screenings of any or all juvenile offenders. Juvenile probation officers may discover in the course of monitoring certain juveniles that family counseling may be necessary in order to provide the juvenile with structure and stability. In more severe cases, it could be suggested that the juvenile may need to be removed from the home and placed into foster care in order to protect the juvenile from imminent danger created by addicted parents or crime filled neighborhoods. The juvenile justice system is in dire need of reorganization, and the best starting point would definitely be in the juvenile probation department.

Raphael Sanzio - 1575 Words

RAPHAEL SANZIO Raphael was one of the most important artists of the Italian Renaissance. Raphael painted and designed many brilliant pieces of work and the stanzas inside the Vatican. He was a master at such necessities of modern art such as depth and perspective and the use of light and shadow, and was the turning point styles of paintings like the use of Madonnas in paintings. Through his short life, Raphael would make some of the most awe-inspiring, beautiful, and influential works of art during the Italian Renaissance. Raphael whose full name was Raphael Sanzio, (also known as Raphael Sanzi), was born on April 6th, 1483. He was born in the town of Urbino, Italy, where he would spend his childhood life until he was 11 years old. His†¦show more content†¦In 1508, at the age of 24, Raphael was invited to the Vatican by Pope Julius II. Raphael was summoned to the Vatican to paint things like stanzas, and was probably recommended to the pope by Domato Bramante, an architect. He was immediately well liked by the pope and everyone else at the Vatican due to his personality; Raphael was a nice, gentle, and sensitive individual. As Giorgio Vasari once said about Raphael, Raphael was so gentle and so charitable that even animals loved him, not to speak of men. (Ruskin, p. 132) In order for Raphael to paint stanzas Pope Julius II ordered some old frescoes to be washed away from the Vatican walls. Although he made many stanzas, he only painted one stanza: the Stanza della Segnatura. In the other stanzas that Raphael would make, Raphael would sketch the stanzas and his pupils would paint whatever he sketched. In the Stanza della Segnatura, there was a stanza for each of the four walls.. Each side represented a topic. The four sides were about theology, poetry, philosophy, law. Each topic was represented with a painting. Theology was represented by Disputa, poetry by Parnassus, Jurisprudence represented law, and the extremely famous The School of Athens represented philosophy. He started working on these stanzas in early 1509 and finished inShow MoreRelatedRaphael Sanzio Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesRaphael Sanzio Raphael was one of the most important artists of the Italian Renaissance. Raphael painted and designed many brilliant pieces of work and the stanzas inside the Vatican. He was a master at such necessities of modern art such as depth and perspective and the use of light and shadow, and was the turning point styles of paintings like the use of Madonnas in paintings. Through his short life, Raphael would make some of the most awe-inspiring, beautiful, and influential works of art duringRead MoreEssay on Raphael Sanzio Inspired1449 Words   |  6 Pagesfuture artists. This is how the artist Raphael Sanzio came about being one of the best of his time. Raphael took methods and ideas from his surrounding colleagues and then he would combine them with his own personality to create some of the best works from his era. Raphael Sanzios work of the Italian High Renaissance era is the result of influences and incorporation of techniques of Michelangelo Buonarroti, Pietro Perugino, and Leonardo D aVinci. Raphael Sanzio is most well remembered for his dynamicRead MoreRaphael1126 Words   |  5 PagesRaphael, and The Stanza Della Segnatura Raphael Sanzio was one of the most important artists of the Italian Renaissance. Raphael painted and designed many brilliant pieces of work and the stanzas inside the Vatican. He was a master at such necessities of modern art such as depth and perspective and the use of light and shadow, and was the turning point styles of paintings like the use of Madonnas in paintings. Through his short life, Raphael would make some of the most awe-inspiring, beautifulRead MoreEssay on Raphael and His Genius912 Words   |  4 PagesRaffaello Sanzio was an amazing artist from the late 1400’s to the early 1500’s who created many amazing paintings that helped change the style of medieval art to Renaissance art. Without him the style of art now would most likely be more primitive and not as advanced as art should be. This is because he made many advances, including more realistic painting. His most important paintings include â€Å"The School Of Athens†, the â€Å"Sistine Mado nna†, and the â€Å"Marriage of the Virgin†. Not only are thoseRead MoreWhy The Prodigy Artist Is Intrigued By Them2323 Words   |  10 PagesQuestion 2 Leung Ka Ho (s1659467) RAPHAEL, LETTER TO POPE LEO X, ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS: WHY THE PRODIGY PAINTER IS INTRIGUED BY THEM Architectural drawings, despite its many crude forms, has existed long before the time of the Italian painter-architect Raphael Sanzio da Urbino. Nevertheless, with reference to Wolfgang Lotz, the prodigy painter’s letter to Pope Leo X has been regarded as the trailblazer of â€Å"the rendering of interior inRead MoreThe Renaissance Er The Era Of The Individual1017 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as one of the most historical cities. Then came the High Renaissance, which started in the 1490s and ended in 1527. This period consisted of some of the best artist that many people know up until today. Their names are Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Sanzio, and Michelangelo Buonarroti. These three men worked on their artwork in the same city and also lived there as well. Leonardo was not only an artist, but he was also scholar. His curiosity lead him to the study of physics, geology, mathematicsRead MoreImpact Of The Italian Renaissance1387 Words   |  6 Pagesstatue still remains for display in Florence, Italy. Rafaello Sanzio, also known as â€Å"Raphael† is another famous painter and architect of the renaissance. Growing up in an artistic environment, Raphael began his painting career at a young age. It wasn’t long before his artistic talent became well known in his town. He was greatly inspired by the works from Leonardo and Michelangelo. Analyzing the art work of these artists assisted Raphael in improv ing his own painting skills and developing his personalRead MoreRaphael The School Of Athens Essay710 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Laura M Darden Professor Johnson Art Appreciation 17 November 2014 The school of Athens From the book Living with Art I chose Raphael. The School of Athens on page 160. 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Not only are thoseRead More How Raphael Personifies The Renaissance Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Statement In my research, I have seen how Raphael individually personifies what the High Renaissance encircles. I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Early Life nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Childhood nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;B.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Family nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;C.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Father as court painternbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nb

Comment and Compare the Boscastle and Pakistan Floods

During the 2010 monsoon season (July and August), Pakistan experienced the worst floods recorded in its history. Heavy rainfall caused flash floods in the north and north-western regions of the country. The subsequent run-off created a southward moving mass of water approximately the size of the United Kingdom. The flood waters travelled downstream through Punjab and Sindh until they reached the Arabian Sea. Many of the main tributaries feeding into the Indus River were also flooded, further inundating agricultural lands. In total, some 20 million people were displaced and 50,000 square km were submerged, while standing crops, infrastructure and land were damaged extensively. The extent of the destruction caused by the 2010 floods is†¦show more content†¦In addition, shops were carrying greater levels of stock than at other times of the year. Although new flood defences were set to be built in October of that year, work had not yet started. Overall, excellent emergency services and Environment Agency response meant no lives were lost. However, due to the constantly changing nature of the tourist population, it took a long time to clearly establish that there had been no fatalities. Most shops stayed shut for the rest of the season and the bad publicity reduced tourist numbers during the following years, resulting in a negative multiplier effect for the entire local community. In addition, the effect spread beyond Boscastle - other settlements along the river were perceived to be at risk by tourists. Boscastle businesses could claim compensation from their insurance companies (claims for ‘disruption to trading’ in Boscastle amounted to  £15m). However, others businesses elsewhere in Cornwall could not, even though they too may have suffered reduced trade in the following years. This became a cause for concern, with tourism accounting for 30% of Cornwall’s GDP and tourists spending up to  £1 billion throughout the county. Shared amenities such as Boscastle village green were now covered with silt and up-ended cars. There were serious costs for a small community with a seasonal employment problem, due to its over-reliance

Essay on Medical Progress Made By The End Of The Renaissance

Medical Progress Made By The End Of The Renaissance Whats the Renaissance? Well the Renaissance is a time of great intellectual, scientific and cultural development, in our case we are looking at The Medical Renaissance which was from 1500 - 1650 and in this assessment we are going to look at diseases, treatments, doctors, technology and new discoveries and by the end of this piece of writing, I will have answered the question What Medical Progress Had Been Made By The End Of The Renaissance? In the Medical Renaissance many people did not know what caused disease. Most of what they believed in was basically what people also believed about 350 years ago. This is because many people believed in†¦show more content†¦But probably the worst kind of treatment for illness or disease was amputation, without anaesthetic. And thats all I have to say about that because those words speak for them selves. The Doctors and Healers that were around during that time were very well educated and trained but compared to what we know today; they were quite primitive. But in their day, they were modern. There were two types of healers; they were licensed and unlicensed. The Licensed healers were: Physicians- These were well-trained doctors, they would study the works of Galen and Hippocrates and train for 15years. They were first class doctors. Many rich and important people would have their own physicians. Surgeons - These were known as second-class doctors, this is because surgery was only necessary if you needed an amputation. Surgeons trained for years but almost always by watching their teacher performing the surgery and them taking notes. Apothecary- These were early forms of chemists and sold mixed remedies. Midwife- These were the only women around who were given a small education in medicine they were allowed to be midwifes because many believed that women knew more about the womansShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance Essay758 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance Renaissance is the period of European history that saw a renewed interest in the arts. The Renaissance began in 14th-century Italy and spread to the rest of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. 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Living from 1094-1162 and residing in Seville, Avenzoar wrote the book Kitab al-Iktisad fi Islah al-Anfus wa l-Adjsaad (‘Book on the Reform of the Soul and the Body’) that discussed methods for diagnosing andRead MoreA Study on the American Experience Since 19451135 Words   |  5 PagesTractor-trailer operating costs are estimated to be 17 percent lower on interstate highways than other highways. The interstate highway system made both labor and capital more efficient and encouraged business expansion, new investments, and the creation of jobs. The invention of the Salk polio vaccine taught America two things: Monies invested in medical research could result in life-changing innovations, and pharmaceuticals held promise as big business. Though Salk wanted his vaccine to be freeRead MoreColonization Of The Colonial System1473 Words   |  6 Pagesproducts known in Eurocentric terms as legitimate trade(1). 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This is saying, if we are willing to take a fertilized embryo and kill it before it has even had time to develop, where is our conscience, our heart? We consider this form of stem cell research to be immoral and unethical. Scientists

Southwest Airline Case Study Free Essays

BUS 330 Writing Assignment The paper is about how the airline company named as the Southwest Airlines has been able to cater to the needs of the customers while still holding a greater market share in the Airline industry specifically during the economic crises phase. Q1: As a high – contact service provider, how does Southwest Airlines ensure that its employees satisfy the customer? As far as the employee training is concerned, the employees are extensively trained so as such to ensure that they are able to satisfy the arising concerns and needs of the customers effectively and efficiently. They are actually made to practically exercise resolving complaints and other service problems on the spot. We will write a custom essay sample on Southwest Airline Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover the employees are made to look professional and behave in a professional manner because they have to deal directly with the customer. One-on-one communication and query handling requires good communication and interpersonal skills to ensure the supreme satisfaction of the customers and their complaints. Otherwise; the demand for their product will eventually die out. The product that this airline is offering is a travel solution for the customers; with the standards set as the low airfares and high service standards. They provide attentive service to the customers in the sky and on the ground and see every flight as an opportunity to underpin and reinforce its reputation for a friendly service that caters to all the flight related concerns of the employees. Another point mentioned in the case is that this Southwest Airlines has a mission statement as: delivering the services with a smile shows that the airline genuinely cares about the customers. A cultural committee is appointed at the headquarters that enables to keep the service spirit alive. Moreover for every airport, they have these committees that ensure service spirit eventually upgrading the customer service area. Furthermore, there are maintenance facilities available across the country. The services of the employees are appraised as per performance and their relationship with customers. Actually these achievements are celebrated for that employee especially who provides outstanding service. This helps in employee retention and satisfaction to remain as a part of that network. Moreover an example can be quoted from the case itself that; the events or the employee appreciation are held around the country such as incoming flight passengers surprisingly with the crew members bringing along the cookies and milk. This shows a small gesture of appreciation and employee motivation. The concept of team work and tolerance is one of the most important concepts to be inculcated in the people who are being hired for serving the customers. Only those people are hired who can co mmunicate, correspond and behave in a friendly manner and work cooperatively with their colleagues. Q2: What experience qualities might weigh most heavily in customers evaluations of the services delivered by the Southwest Airlines? What are the implications for the airline’s service marketing efforts? Actually from the perspective of the customer, it is the product that holds the greatest importance; however the product placement along with the services is the best combination to attract a bunch of customers. Mainly there are two important things that help a company to remain at a competitive position in the market; cost leadership and differentiation. Basically Southwest Airlines is catering to both these requirements to strengthen its stature in the market as one of the most competitive airlines. The Southwest airline was able to control their fuel costs and gained a greater market share while most of its competitors had to shrink their schedules and eventually tightening their belts. It was usually seen that the competitive airlines have been facing the issue of high fuel rates and eventually the lower demand, because they are forced to charge extra fee from the customers for checking baggage and other services. However, Southwest Airline has tried to manage the lower costs and avoids charging extra fee for every facility and has offered a bundled service pack, as compared to the competitors; who have been unbundling the price and product. Bundling gives an edge to accommodate some of the extra charges and help the company as well as the customers. However since the seats are not reserved thus the airline also gives the chance to the passengers to jump forward on the flight, but for this service an amount is charged. Moreover instead of charging higher prices Southwest Airline accommodates the customers’ needs by providing bundles that are valued by the flyers. Some suggestions will be enhancing the expenditure on the advertisements and more promotional activities. The concentration on the actual and the augmented product will help the company in giving something extra and different to the customers. Cutting the costs and lowering prices will help in maintaining the customer demand for the brand product. Product pricing and the core product should be given eminent importance. Possibly, linking with a Public Relations organization will help increase the popularity of the products and services being offered by Southwest Airlines. Q3: What is Southwest Airline doing to manage the customer’s service expectations? In order to manage the expectations of the customers regarding the services provided by the airline, some new features have been introduced like the â€Å"bags fly free† campaign that enables the loading of first two items of checked baggage of the customers on the fare for free. Another more attracting feature is the â€Å"Business select† airfare, where the priority boarding is bundled as such that the customers are offered a free drink along with extra frequent flyer points at a slightly higher price. These points can be used later on any time. Moreover, if the business selects customer to fly on the scheduled flight then the airfare is applied to the cost of a later travelling schedule at any time in the next year. This is one of the main features that make the bundled services attractive to the customers. They use price bundling as an edge to keep the customers coming in and maximize on their profits. The annual profits since the previous 35 years have shown a remarkable record, in a row. However since the running of an airline is not an easy task which involves a lot of finances and efficiency, Southwest Airlines have made it through mainly by keeping the customers satisfied and have maximized their profits on the customer service side. The stock symbol is LUV, which of course is a very attractive caption, and the company aims at making the customers come back to them and use their services by ensuring that the customers remain smiling all the way long. Therefore they will eventually come back for the LUV. Conclusion The main aspect for an airline is to make sure that the travellers remain happy and are treated properly because at the end of the day, it is the service that an airline provides to a customer by charging an amount of money; therefore the overall experience has to be made pleasant and memorable positively. Failing to do so will eventually lead the company to die a natural death. Reference Guardian Company; (2013); US airline complaints rose 20% last year, Transport Study; United Kingdom http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/2013/apr/08/theairlineindustry-air-transport How to cite Southwest Airline Case Study, Free Case study samples

Business and Ethics Reflection

Question: Describe about the Report for Business and Ethics Reflection. Answer: Introduction In my paper of business ethics reflection, I will be emphasizing on four major important issues in the society. These issues include personal values and ethics, ethical models, the corporate social responsibility of individuals and the ethical dilemma that most people face in their everyday life. Of all the four major issues of ethical models that I have outlined, the one that I identify with most is utilitarianism. Most of the time it helps me a lot whenever I face an ethical dilemma, and It is a must for me to take a decision or position in a particular matter or situation. The second part of my paper will be all about how my personal values and ethics have shaped and made the person that I am. I will specifically talk about culture, my internal reflection and also my family. I will also discuss an example of a dilemma that I had to face sometimes back and how utilitarianism helped me in making the right decision. Finally the last part of my paper will direct my attention on the corporate social responsibility where I will compare the Chinese ethics and values with the American ethics and values. We will look at how these values and ethics have influenced the people who are in China and America especially in the business organizations. Lastly, I will share my personal opinion that will cement the importance of corporate social responsibility that we all have. The Models of Ethics Ethics is described as a section of philosophy that mainly and most of the time answers different queries about our morality. Ethics plays a critical and vital part in everyones life especially when it comes to making hard and important decisions on matters of great interest to the society and business. I have learned that there is existence many different ethical theories. However, it should be known that some of these ethical theories like the theory of justice, utilitarianism and moral rights have a lot of influence on many people than any other theory that exists (DesJardins and McCall 2014). The Justice Theory Many individuals who regard this theory by taking it as their ethical model most of the time argue out for a fair distribution of the people's resources where the people allocate their burdens and benefits fairly amongst themselves. The theory is known for always treating everyone fairly and impartially according to the legal rules (Kolk 2015). The most generous thing about this theory is that it has the ability urging and motivating people to help the others who are in great need. However, I have learned that one bad thing about this theory is that takes equality as an absolute thing without even looking at the price that will be involved in implementing this equality. The theory of moral rights It mainly looks at the production and respect of everyone in the society and also their fundamental rights that they enjoy. The best thing about this theory is that it makes it easier to protect our fundamental rights. However, the bad thing about the theory is that it does not care about the costs and benefits of getting respect for any other right (Su 2014). Relativism of culture Cultural relativism is the standard that ethical conduct ought to consistently be deduced in cultural perspective. Universalism tells us that moral principles are supreme, which has the different denotation to the traditional relativism. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism asserts to us that anyone who is making a decision must always maximize utilization for the society as a whole. According to my understanding, this simply tells me that everyone must first all settle down and think about the costs and benefits that are going to result from his or her decisions and actions to the whole society. If the advantages are going to outweigh the costs, then it is appropriate for a person who takes himself or herself as a utilitarian to act accordingly. I have learned that utilitarianism needs me always not only to look at the influence of my actions on myself, my friends and my family but it also needs me to know how my decisions are going to have an impact on the society as a whole (Provis 2015). This shows that utilitarianism always makes people responsible for their actions on the society. However, the difficulty with utilitarianism is that it is not easy to measure the personal pain and pleasure against all the members of the society and furthermore it cannot be constrained by law. But all in all, I prefer utilitarianism amongst all the other models because it cares more about the consequences that the decisions that we make will have on the society. I do not think that it is only enough for us only to care about our personal dissatisfactions and satisfactions at the expense of the society (Lai, Pan and Vukovic 2013). Utilitarianism makes it easier for us to have a deep critical thinking before we take any decision especially when we face dilemmas in our life. As a utilitarian, I will always focus on analyzing other factors before taking any decisions. Utilitarianism will help me to list other alternative courses of action and finally take the right alternative that resona tes well with the society as a whole. This will enable me to form a win-win situation. Personal Values and Ethics My personal values and ethics are going to be very easy to understand for me. When making decisions, I will not have to be always depending on my intuition. All always be asking myself some questions before taking any decision or action e.g. whether my decision is legal or not, whether it complies with my values? If I take the decision? How will I feel? Whether my decision is going to benefit the society? Whether I am willing to sacrifice something for the benefit of the society? This critical thinking will then lead me to my solution and answer. My internal reflection, my culture, and my family, are the major three things that always have an influence on my culture but the one that influences my personal ethics is the family. My family has instilled in me a stronger sense of wrong and right ever since I was a child. My parents behavior has influenced me much more. They have taught me always to have some sense of ethics in everything I do. The culture that I live in has also influenced a lot by me as I have learned how to be loyal to my faith, to be good to people and always seek for justice. My internal reflection has a significant role in my individual decision-making process. Whenever I do something against my morals and principles, it will have some bad feelings of guilt or shame. If I do something that meets my personal ethics and values, I will have a feeling of proudness. This will influence creation of my ethical principles and my decisions. My ethical dilemma experience I remember some time back when I faced an ethical dilemma when I was given more balance than I was to be given in a supermarket after shopping. My ethical dilemma was whether to give back this excess money back or just to take it as a good luck and walk away. I realized this after walking some distance from the supermarket. I had to make the right decision. If have to take the money then it would mean a loss for the supermarket, and on the other hand, the money would have also helped me to buy more things that I needed. After critically analyzing the situation I decided to give the extra change back to the supermarket. I felt and knew I had done the right thing. The corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility can be described as a way of corporate self-regulation that has been incorporated into various business models. This makes every business organization to be responsible for its actions and decisions. However, many people argue that taking more corporate social responsibility can be a violation against the business organizations in profit maximization. Every country in the world now views America and China as superpowers of today (Schweigert 2016). These two nations share some differences and similarities regarding their values and ethics. This way, the two countries can have more influence on their people and many businesses around the world. Both America and China have the same similarity in the attitudes in peoples lives. As we all know, life is the most precious thing in both of these countries and hence the two countries always focus on ensuring that the business organization follows and practice good corporate ethics. Both of them value the importance of integrity as it is seen as an intangible comparative advantage for companies both in America and China to attract more customers. However, the two countries are said to have the different cultural perception that forms the pattern of environmental stimuli, implicit understanding that is known for conveying meaning between the people of different culture and the physical cues. For instance, China has a high level of context culture whereas U.S. has a lower text culture (Kolk 2015). The Chinese always prefer to have group duties, values, and decisions while the Americans, on the other hand, prefer personal initiatives, achievements, and self-assertions. Conclusion I have learned that ethical principles have a critical role in my decision-making process. Our ethical principles are many times shaped and influenced by various dynamics like culture, family, friends and our internal reflections. Critical thinking should always be a critical ingredient in our life. It will help solve our ethical dilemmas more easily. We should adopt a utilitarian approach so that we put the privileges of the society first before our personal profits. It is important for every business organization to take a corporate social responsibility to help in the development of the society. References Provis, C., 2015. Intuition, analysis and reflection in business ethics.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-11. Schweigert, F.J., 2016. Conclusion: Moral Formation and Ethical Reflection in Business Education. InBusiness Ethics Education and the Pragmatic Pursuit of the Good(pp. 241-249). Springer International Publishing. Kolk, A., 2015. The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), p.2016. Lai, K., Pan, J. and Vukovic, S., 2013. THEORY SESSION 6 COMPARATIVE BUSINESS ETHICS CRITICAL REFLECTION. DesJardins, J.R. and McCall, J.J., 2014.Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Su, H.Y., 2014. Business ethics and the development of intellectual capital. Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.87-98.