Expected effects of the 2022 Fifa World Cup on Qatars economy Term Paper

Expected effects of the 2022 Fifa World Cup on Qatars economy - Term Paper Example This will strengthen Qatar’s national economy which shows a striking and buoyant performance amid slothful global conditions. In 2010, Qatar registered a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 14.0 %. The country projected that in 2011 the GDP would hit a 15.8 % mark. This steady growth in GDP presents Qatar as the fastest in economic growth among GCC region (Qatar First Investment Bank 4). Qatar is expected to benefit a lot from tourists’ activities. The estimate of the visitors in Qatar amounts to about half million people. This is largest number of tourism representing about a third of Qatar’s population. Due to this large numbers of tourists, Qatar intends to construct 90,000 hotels and restaurants. This surpasses FIFA’s requirement for Qatar to have 65,000 hotel rooms (Oxford Business Group 281). The country expects to receive many foreign funds from the visitors which will boost the growth of well performing economy. According to neoclassical growth theory, the explosion of population will lead to high Gross Domestic Product (Barclay 66). Doha has already witnessed 65% of total visitors that come from corporate sector. The overnight stays are expected to generate a lot of revenues for Qatar. Tourism industry anticipates raising the occupancy rates in order to capitalize on the FIFA World Cup. The basis of this expectation is from 2011 when hosted AFC Asian Cup. The large number f fans increased the rate of hotels to about 24 %. This was a remarkable rise when compared to the year 2010 (Oxford Business Group 285). The retailers expect to amass a lot of money from the sales. This is due to increased domestic and foreign consumption Qatar will refurbish her infrastructure to meet the FIFA standards. The country plans to use 100 billion US dollars to expand and construct new system of infrastructure. Some of expected infrastructural changes will feature stadiums, roads, communication systems, airports, and places of accommodation. Doha airport is under

Work placement with Barnet Homes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Work placement with Barnet Homes - Case Study Example The board has formed four sub groups to help it in the task of running the affairs at Barnet homes viz. business sub-group, standards sub-group, resources sub-group, procurement sub-group. The board is given strategic direction through a strategic steering group. The structure of these subgroups is flexible enough to include up to five co-opted members to bring additional relevant skills and experience. The Board delegates roles to area partnership and regeneration panels. The Barnet Housing Consultative Panel is the main consultation forum for Barnet Homes on borough wide operational issues and for Barnet Council on strategic housing issues. These panels focus on the housing management services provided by Barnet Homes. A separate steering group on each estate is responsible for working with partners on the regeneration proposals for the estate. There are also specialist partnership panels for sheltered housing and leaseholders. Barnet homes employs 367 full time staff and 52 Direct Labor Organization operatives (DLOs). It comprises substantially of the staff transferred from the housing service of its parent Barnet Council. The percentage break-up of staff involved in various categories of jobs is as follows- Housing Management(27%) ,Technical Services(19%),Caretaking(18%), DLO(15%), Supporting People(10%),Corporate (4%),CEO(4%) and Finance(3%).(5 Year, 2005) The stated aims and objectives of the organization Barnet homes has set for itself following six fold objectives: 1. To provide excellent services driven by customer involvement. 2. To bring all homes up to decent homes plus standard by 2010. 3. To provide services that meets the needs of all our diverse & vulnerable customers. 4. To develop safe sustainable & cohesive communities through partnership. 5. To develop a highly skilled, motivated and satisfied workforce, which is reflected in high quality services to residents, and 6. To develop new business areas for Barnet homes.(5 Year,2005)

The Serious Dangers Of Using Facebook English Language Essay

The Serious Dangers Of Using Facebook English Language Essay After reading countless of hubs that talk about the joys and features of using facebook. Some pointing out the ways on how you can market and network on there, while others talk about some of the interesting features like the games and stuff. Indeed, it seems Facebook has become the largest online social network in the world, even over its competitor Myspace that was originally the first online social network. However, Facebook has mastered Myspaces concept and turned into something more. Now, with a new film coming out called, Social Network, it seems Facebook is well on its way to becoming almost as big of a site as Google. However, with all good things, theres also a lot of dangers people arent aware of on Facebook that they need to know. Sure, other hubs will tell you about the joys and features Facebook promises but in this hub, youll find out the cons to using Facebook and what steps you can do to protect yourself online. http://s1.hubimg.com/u/3842068_f520.jpg http://s2.hubimg.com/u/3842081_f520.jpg FBI Wiretapping In light of the horrific events of 9/11, the government started wiretapping certain phone lines and internet networks to monitor certain people that might be involved in terrorist activities. Therefore, you shouldnt post anything on Facebook that might be deemed questionable, even if you were only saying it as a joke. Seriously, just joking around with people, on your public Facebook page, about a bomb OR saying how you wish you could blow up or physically hurt someone, can be used against you. As the FBI according to various sources on MSN and yahoo, claim that the FBI has several dummy accounts online, and Facebook is one of them. This brings me up to my next point, everyone you meet on Facebook, unless you met them face to face, not all of them are going to be who you claim they are. Therefore, if you admit to something illegal to a person you just met that same day on Facebook, then that person could put out a warrant for your arrest, as he/she might be an FBI agent spying on you. Thats right. FBI agents do have dummy accounts on Facebook so unless your absolutely sure the person your talking to is trustworthy, then its probably not a good idea to tell this person anything more than they need to know about you. Nor is it a good idea to use questionable humor even if you dont mean it like, hey lets go out and smoke some weed. Yeah, just pray the guy/girl your talking to isnt an FBI agent if you say that, as your so going to jail for even joking about something like that. http://s2.hubimg.com/u/3842129_f520.jpg http://s1.hubimg.com/u/3842132_f520.jpg http://s4.hubimg.com/u/3842135_f520.jpg Stalkers and Child Predators As I said earlier, not everyone online is who they say they are.   Thats why this is extremely important to remember.   As the film, Social Network, suggests, Facebook was originally designed for people to check up and keep in touch with their friends.   Although you dont necessarily have to limit the number of friends you have on Facebook to just the people you know in real life, but you can add anyone you might meet online as well.   Heck, some groups use Facebook to do online networking like indie bands or even hubpage users on hubpages.   This is why you should be careful of what you say online.   Sure, you can always resolve this issue easily by setting your profile from public to private when you adjust your settings.   This way only your friends that are on your Facebook page will see all your posts, and it might be best to only add people that you know in real life.   However, if you like to use Facebook for online networking for your hubs and other affiliated sites, then please be careful not to give away anything specific like your address, full name, or even where your going on vacation.    Trust me, according to various online reports, stalkers and child predators do monitor public Facebook pages so if you say something along the lines ofHey, me and my four year old son are going to go to the central park zoo, in Philadelphia at 3:00 p.m, then your just asking for trouble.   You might as well just say, Hey, any of you muggers, rapist, pedophiles and serial killers want us, then meet us at the central park zoo, in Philadelphia at three.   You see how that works?   Therefore, you should never give away anything specifically about yourself online that would allow a dangerous person to follow you.   Sure, if you want to keep your Facebook page public because your trying to promote your indie band, and you want to have complete coverage of your shows and tours for your fans, then thats fine.   Just dont give away anything too personal that would allow a stalker to follow you like what specific hotel you might be staying at on tour, or a mailing address.   If you must put an address to receive fan mail, then list an e-mail or a P.O. Box.   This way, you can still receive fan mail, without the dangers of people knowing where you live.   Ã‚      http://s4.hubimg.com/u/3895783_f520.jpg http://s1.hubimg.com/u/3895784_f520.jpg http://s2.hubimg.com/u/3895785_f520.jpg Burglars and Robberies This brings me to my next point, robberies. Its no secret that burglars will often scout neighborhoods for which homes have the most money, as well as the ones that are the safest to rob. In fact, most burglars will never rob a house that has a big dog protecting it or if they know theres a strong possibility of getting caught, as burglars dont want to risk getting hurt. This is just another reason why you should never put your full address or name on Facebook, as it only makes it easier for burgulars to find out where you live and monitor your house frequently, to figure out the best times to rob you. Of course, it doesnt help when you type down your schedule on social networks like Hey Al, Im going to be leaving out of town tomorrow on business. I wont be back for about a week, so Ill call you later when I get back. Well, thats just asking for even more trouble right there. As you might as well say something like, Hey, any of you want to rob my house while Im gone, then feel free to, as Ill be gone for a whole week. You get the picture? Hence, you should never leave your schedule on Facebook, nor your full name and address, as thats just asking for trouble. Then again, as I said before, you can always set your Facebook account to private to avoid the issue entirely but if you like having a public profile for networking your business or hubs, then it might be best not to disclose your schedule on Facebook. However, since I know many people use Facebook to promote their charity events and/or indie bands, and may need to put up schedules to organize their events. Or in the case of indie bands, theyll probably want to give their fans places where to catch some of their concerts, which is understandable. The only advice I can give you if thats the case, then just dont put down your home address or full name. This way, you can still give your fans and audience what they want and need to see you, without compromising your safety or valuables. http://s1.hubimg.com/u/3842160_f520.jpg http://s4.hubimg.com/u/3842163_f520.jpg http://s3.hubimg.com/u/3842198_f520.jpg http://s4.hubimg.com/u/3914415_f520.jpg Dont Say Or Post Anything That Could Be Used Against You On Facebook Have you ever read the funny posts people put up on their Facebook pages? You know the ones that say things like, Im calling in sick because I just dont feel like it, so Im going to go smoke some pot, or something like, I hate my freaking job, and my boss is damn moron that I wish he would drop dead. You know the ones Im talking about, right? Well, regardless of how you feel about your job, the reality is we all work out of necessity or most of us anyway. Therefore, you should never say or post anything on Facebook that could incriminate you in anyway. As employers often use Facebook to determine which employees to fire and who to hire. Yes, employers do use Facebook to check up on their employees, according to various online reports on yahoo. Like there was one report of a woman getting canned from a restaurant just for complaining about customers, and another one about how an emergency dispatcher was fired for posting drug use on Facebook. Click on here if you want to read more about it. Sure, I know theres probably a lot of people who called in sick in the past that werent really sick (you know who you are), but they called in due to an emergency or they were just fatigued. Thats understandable. However, if your employer reads that, then it could constitute grounds for you to get fired or get into serious trouble. Its essentially the equivalent if you called in sick to see a movie with your boyfriend/girlfriend, and your boss saw you that same day you called in. What do you think would happen if he caught you? Well its basically the same thing if you post it online publicly. Of course like the last topic, you could always set your profile to private and avoid this issue. This way if you do put some posts similar to the ones I just gave you, then nobody will see it except for your friends and your boss will never have to know. Unless, theyre already on your friends list, then your probably screwed if you do. However, if theyre not, theres nothing obligating you to add them. If they send you a friend request, you can always decline it, and legally they cant hold it against you at all. After all, your free to add anyone you like on Facebook as your friend, and theres nothing in a job description that requires you to be friends with your employer online. If your employer asks why, you can always say because you like to keep your relationships at work professional. You may not like your job and hate your boss but unless you have a private profile on Facebook, then its best to keep your mouth shut online about that. After all, you wouldnt want to give your boss any leverage to use to fire you if your not already in hot water with him/her as it is. Secondly, if your involved in illegal activities like illegal use of drugs, illegal immigration or whatever (NOT THAT I CONDONE SUCH ACTIONS, AS I DONT SUPPORT ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES), then the worst thing you can do is post it on Facebook. Not only can your boss legally fire you for posting that online, but he can also report you to the local authorities over it. However, if you like to use Facebook for a lot of online networking for your hubs, indie bands, or sites that you put up, then just be mindful of what you say. AND, make sure your friends dont post anything that could be incriminating either. As anything they post like, Hey, your right, your boss is a douche and thanks for calling in sick so we could go pick up some girls/guys, can AND will be used against you if your employer reads it. Hence, make sure your friends understand this as well if you have a public profile not to post anything you dont want to be used against you. After all, anything you say about your boss or company that you work for can and will be used against you by your employer. Dont think because its Facebook and that your talking to your friends on there, that your entitled to say what you want. Besides, if your profile is public, everyone can see everything you type too along with your friends. Therefore, you need to be very careful about what you post on your p ublic profile and if you must talk to one of your Facebook friends, then its often best to do so using the instant messenger Facebook provides. Normally, on the bottom right corner of your Facebook screen, after youve logged in, you can click on the chat icon. Once you click it, itll show you which of your friends are online, then you can click on the name of your friend that you wish to talk to. Once you do that, everything you and this friend say to each other will not show up on Facebook, and youll be able to talk privately. http://s2.hubimg.com/u/3842181_f520.jpg http://s3.hubimg.com/u/3842182_f520.jpg Hackers Do I really need to elaborate on this?   Look, its no secret that we all forget our passwords to various sites.   It happens.   However, you should never leave like a clue on your profile that any hacker could figure out.   Again, if you choose to have a public profile (as private ones wont have this issue), then no matter how clever you think your little password hint is, its never a good idea to have it on your public profile.   Even if you dont even say its part of your password, and your password is some answer to a riddle you put up on your profile.   Chances are, a hacker will try to figure it out.   Leaving a password clue on your profile, no matter how cleverly hidden, will still give a hacker ample room to try to hack into your account.   Once they do, we could be looking at not only the issue of your account getting hacked, but its a good way to have your identity stolen online.   Therefore, if you must have a password hint written somewhere, then write it on a piece of paper and put it somewhere safe.   Or you can do what I do, just make it an easy to remember password that only YOU would know or even remember that you use frequently. http://s1.hubimg.com/u/3842216_f520.jpg Final Thoughts Look, I hope this hub doesnt discourage folks from using Facebook, as it can a be wonderful site.   Seriously, its not only a great way to make new friends, but its also a great place to keep in touch with old ones.   Heck, you can even use it to build up your social networking to promote your business or hubs on there.   However, it also has its flaws and can potentially hurt you if your not careful.   Thats why you should never post anything too personal on Facebook that could potentially get you hurt either financially or physically.   Sure, we may all hate bosses sometimes, but you should never publicly say anything on a website where it could cost you; your job.   Or anything that could lead a predator to find you and your child.   Trust me, Facebook is an easy tool that can be used against you if your not careful with it.   Its like Uncle Ben said when Spider-Man made his debut in Marvel Comics: With great power, comes great responsibility.

Essay --

The key question of the survey was to answer if the public of the United States of America believe that obesity is a serious problem or not. The population of interest was the whole U.S citizens. The survey was done by a telephone interview, conducted on October 30-November 6, 2013, among a national sample of 2003 adults, 18 years of age or older, living in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The respondents were interviewed on a landline telephone, as well as on a cell phone. The combination of landline and cell phone random digit dial samples were used; both samples were provided by Survey Sampling International. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish. Respondents in the landline sample were selected by randomly asking for the youngest adult male or female who is now at home. Interviews in the cell sample were conducted with person who answered the phone, if that person was an adult 19 years of age or older. The combined landline and cell phone sample are wei ghted using an interactive technique that matches gender, age, education, race, Hispanic origin, and nativity and region to parameters from the 2011 Census Bureau’s American Community Survey and population density to parameters from the Decennial Census. The sample also weighted to match current patterns of telephone status and relative usage of landline and cell phones. The weighting procedure also accounts for the fact that respondents with both landline and cell phones have a greater probability of being included in the combined sample and adjusts for household size among respondents with a landline phone. The sampling frame only includes those who are United States citizens and have registered their contact number into the directory. The sampling... ...response between male and female: women are slightly more likely than men to say that obesity is a serious public health problem (72% vs. 66%). In addition, those who describe themselves as overweight are as likely as others to say that obesity is a very serious public health problem (70% vs. 69%). The conclusions stated by The Pew Research Center are somewhat agreeable for the statistics clearly supports the argument. Just looking at the statistics provided, it is simple to conclude that no matter what situation a person is in, the citizens of America believe that obesity is a serious medical issue. However, I believe the survey cannot be generalized to the population of interest due to the fact that the number of individuals interviewed are to small compared to the whole population of the United States, thus, enabling wide variety of opinions across the country. Essay -- The key question of the survey was to answer if the public of the United States of America believe that obesity is a serious problem or not. The population of interest was the whole U.S citizens. The survey was done by a telephone interview, conducted on October 30-November 6, 2013, among a national sample of 2003 adults, 18 years of age or older, living in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The respondents were interviewed on a landline telephone, as well as on a cell phone. The combination of landline and cell phone random digit dial samples were used; both samples were provided by Survey Sampling International. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish. Respondents in the landline sample were selected by randomly asking for the youngest adult male or female who is now at home. Interviews in the cell sample were conducted with person who answered the phone, if that person was an adult 19 years of age or older. The combined landline and cell phone sample are wei ghted using an interactive technique that matches gender, age, education, race, Hispanic origin, and nativity and region to parameters from the 2011 Census Bureau’s American Community Survey and population density to parameters from the Decennial Census. The sample also weighted to match current patterns of telephone status and relative usage of landline and cell phones. The weighting procedure also accounts for the fact that respondents with both landline and cell phones have a greater probability of being included in the combined sample and adjusts for household size among respondents with a landline phone. The sampling frame only includes those who are United States citizens and have registered their contact number into the directory. The sampling... ...response between male and female: women are slightly more likely than men to say that obesity is a serious public health problem (72% vs. 66%). In addition, those who describe themselves as overweight are as likely as others to say that obesity is a very serious public health problem (70% vs. 69%). The conclusions stated by The Pew Research Center are somewhat agreeable for the statistics clearly supports the argument. Just looking at the statistics provided, it is simple to conclude that no matter what situation a person is in, the citizens of America believe that obesity is a serious medical issue. However, I believe the survey cannot be generalized to the population of interest due to the fact that the number of individuals interviewed are to small compared to the whole population of the United States, thus, enabling wide variety of opinions across the country.

Dorian Gray and the Theme of Beauty

Commonly deformity is symbolic†¦ whether it represents the good and purity in someone or the corruption in their very soul is a different story. In the book, â€Å"Dorian Gray† by Oscar Wilde, deformity is used to symbolize the corruption and degradation of Dorian’s soul. Dorian’s own beauty could be considered a deformity and this deformity destroyed Dorian’s life. He has an unnatural, surreal beauty and it’s this beauty that causes him to become so evil and corrupted. It’s the reason behind his madness. He actually traded his soul to keep his youth and beauty; â€Å"†¦If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that- for that- I would give everything! I would give my soul for that! † His beauty was so symbolic because it was pure, innocent and divine at the beginning of the novel yet it ended up causing the decay and destruction of a young man’s life. Though his looks should have been a gift it became a curse that corrupted his soul and destroyed his life. He became too obsessed with his looks and thus lost his soul. When Dorian saw the portrait painted he soon begins to loath it because â€Å"I shall grow old, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young. It will never be older than this particular day in June†¦ I am jealous of the portrait you have painted of me. † He in turn wishes that he was to stay young and beautiful and the portrait was to show all the signs of aging and sin. This is the beginning of Dorian’s troubles. He goes through his life looking young and innocent but all the sins he commits shows on the canvas, â€Å"The terrible portrait whose changing features show him the real degradation of his life†¦He had a secret pleasure of the misshapen shadow that had to bear the burden that should’ve been his own. Any time Dorian does something sinful, selfish, cruel, or falls to temptation it all shows up on the canvas to mar his idyllic beauty. â€Å"A sense of infinite pity, not for himself, but for the painted image of himself, came over him. It has altered already and would alter more. For every sin he committed, a stain would fleck and wreck its fairness. † Dorian knew that his soul was being corrupted because he could see it on the painting, but he took no notice. Since the signs of sin don’t show up on him (but rather the painting) he participates in immoral temptations, He uses the painting as an outlet for all his desires. One example of his corruption is when he is cruel to Sibyl Vane; that is the first act of evil he commits and it’s when the first sign of deformity shows on the painting. Dorian only loved Sibyl for her acting and when she acted badly in Romeo and Juliet, even though she did it because she loved Dorian enough to learn that true love isn’t what she had been acting, he completely abandons her and breaks her heart. He said that, â€Å"There is always something ridiculous about the emotion of people whom one has ceased to love. Sibyl Vane seemed to him to be absurdly melodramatic. Her tears and sobs annoyed him. As soon as Dorian got home he first noticed that the portrait changed, it revealed his cruelty. It was described that â€Å"The face appeared to him to be a little changed. The expression looked different. One would have said that there was a touch of cruelty in the mouth. This was the beginning of the corruption of Dorian’s soul, the corruption of the painting. He was unnecessarily cruel to Sibyl Vane and his soul was changed as a result; the deformity of the mouth on the painting was a visual resemblance to Dorian’s soul and the corruption it was beginning to feel. Dorian Gray was the definition of beauty; he was pure, innocent and stunning but he had a soul as corrupt as the seven deadly sins. He traded his soul to stay young forever but in turn a portrait of himself was a visual representation of his soul. Over time it grew deformed and hideous and this showed that Dorian’s own soul was also becoming deformed, corrupted and hideous. The degradation of the painting shows that corruption of the soul is a type of deformity.

Life in America in 1830-1850

The novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain was written in 1870. This novel unveils many important themes such as adventures and Christian values, social relations and stereotypes. The analysis of the characters and themes makes it possible to say that the novel reflects changes faced by the American society during 1830-1850. Thesis Mark Twain`s storyline along with his descriptions of his characters portrays the life of the citizens of St. Petersburg, Missouri as being very easy, simple and uncomplicated, however life for many other people in America was much of an endeavor. In the novel Mark Twain portrays the life of the citizens of St. Petersburg as being very simple and uncomplicated. â€Å"A new-comer of any age or either sex was an impressive curiosity in the poor little shabby village of St. Petersburg† (Twain 1920, 4). The simplicity of life is shown through other minor themes and symbols which help to unveil the realities of town life. During this historical epoch, poverty was what traps people in their humble abode. In contrast to these themes, Mark Twain describes people in the town as: â€Å"There was cheer in every face and a spring in every step. The locust-trees were in bloom and the fragrance of the blossoms filled the air† (Twain 1920, 12). The main female characters of the novel, Aunt Polly and Tom’s cousin Marry, are depicted as simple ordinary women. In reality, women were guided and supported by their husbands and family members. It is possible to say that all women represented in the novel do not suffer greatly, because of male oppression. Most of them including Aunt Polly and his cousin Marry was stuck to values preached by the society. The other characters, Huck and Sam, Judge Thatcher and Alfred Temple are also misrepresented. Most of the men are portrayed as ordinary citizens involved in town affairs only. In contrast to St. Petersburg town life, life for many other people in America was much of an endeavor. For instance, in The Narrative of the Life Frederick Douglass depicts another America influenced by racial inequalities and slavery.   In his autobiography, Douglass describes the hardship that he was through and quite self-obsessed with the cruel realities. The slave owners exploited slaves per 12-14 hours a day. The spread of slavery was also connected with industrialization and urbanization processes, proposing unlimited opportunities for newly emerged industries and factories to obtain cheap labor (Douglass 1995). Even the life of a free black man differed greatly from his white neighbors. In contrast to Twain’s idealized image of minorities and their life, Douglass addresses a problem of racial inequality in the society and its impact on the life of an ordinary person. He unveils that racism caused grievances to all citizens in spite of their color of skin or persuasions. According to Douglass interpretation, the direct victims of racism were black men and women. On the other hand, Mark Twain describes town people as moral persons free from social and racial prejudices. For instance, Mark Twain portrays the widow Douglass as: â€Å"the justice of the peace; the widow Douglass, fair, smart †¦ her hill mansion the only palace in the town, and the most hospitable and much the most lavish in the matter of festivities that St. Petersburg could boast† (Twain 1920, 43). In general, Mark Twain describes moral health of people and their imperfection through the lens of morality and traditions rather than historical facts. All citizens of St. Petersburg become victims of their own prejudices and false values. Taking into account The Narrative of the Life by Douglass and Cherokee Trail of Tears by Fitzgerald, it is evident that life of ‘blacks’ and Indians was marked by fight and rebellion. In big and small towns the problem was that American citizens, Indians and â€Å"blacks†, were not equal in their rights and â€Å"blacks† were not equally treated by majority of white population. While â€Å"whites† members of the society were universally proud of their background, African-Americans and Indians were the target of discrimination and outright racism. In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain hides these problems portraying the happy life of all citizens. In the book Cherokee Trail of Tears, Fitzgerald describes events which took place in 1838 when Federal troops imprisoned 13,000 Cherokees in order to occupy their native lands. This was one of the most tragic events in American history unveiling policy of imperialism and segregation. Fitzgerald writes: â€Å"By 1835, nearly three dozens additional land cessions had been concluded, reducing the once vast Cherokee territory to nothing† (Fitzgerald 2006, 15). That created a demand for a substitute reality, which could only be found in the fictitious world. Mark Twain does not give a detailed analysis of the epoch, but the spirit of the age runs through the novel. For instance, Mark Twain uses the theme of crime to create a story conflict and impress readers: â€Å"A gory knife had been found close to the murdered man, and it had been recognized by somebody as belonging to Muff Potter† (Twain 1920, 99). In contrast, conflicts between Cherokees and the government depict the new social imperative of the society. These events unveil real history of American society and its attitude towards racial minorities. Fitzgerald describes that the Trail resulted in 5,000 deaths and ruined lives of 22 000 Indians. Fitzgerald critiques the era and uncovers discrepancy between different historical interpretations of this period. Taking into account the life of the pioneers going West and their fight with Indians, it is evident that the storyline of Mark Twain lacks the accuracy of narration and objective appraisal. For instance, many pioneers had to struggle with nature and native population. Struggle with nature probably was the only difficult battle in life. For the pioneers, rebellion meant absence of restrictions and compulsions, and in correlation with the idea of will, it is the opportunity to act as would be desirable. â€Å"To those who may be obliged to exchange a cultivated region for a howling wilderness,† declared its resolution [the Third Annual Convention 1833], â€Å"we recommend, to retire into the western wilds, and fell the native forest of America, where the ploughshares of prejudice have as yet been unable to penetrate the soil† (Taylor 1998, 33). Rebellion was necessary because it opened freedom to all who were genuinely interested and met the criteria of a rioter. That was main principle on which rebellions were based in the United States. â€Å"White western settlers rapidly constructed familiar racially based political and economic restrictions† (Taylor 1998, 33). The events which took place in Texas and their fight for Independence with Mexico show that live of people in small towns was not easy, simple and uncomplicated as depicted by Mark Twain. Texas War of Independence took place in 1835-1836. It was a war between American settlers and the Mexican government. This Revolution was considered as a rational choice which included its aims, alternatives, consequences and choice. If American nation had taken such an action, it was based on the purposes to overcome oppression and created a set of new values and tasks. In general, the aim of rebellion was to fight for land, freedom and equal rights. On the one hand, it helped to attract attention of masses to social problems such as injustice and oppression. Rebellion was necessary because it drove the national idea and the knowledge not only of the monumental significance of the actions to be undertaken, but also the impact of a free democracy. The main events were the Battle of Gonzales, La Bahia, San Antonio and the Battle of the Alamo. Texas War of Independence was necessary because it showed a struggle for individual freedom which means much more than the absence of physical coercion. Every rebellion had a short term and long term goals which helped mutineers to reach their target. Desire of a nation to struggle as such did nothing, because only active operations led to rebellion. It was people who made claims or felt marginalized, and people who often disagreed, some ­times quite fundamentally, about how their identity should be interpreted or understood. â€Å"One reason for this was the desire of Mexican Revolutionaries to secure material aid from the United States. As a result there were several composite Mexican-American expenditures into the vast territory during   the Revolutionary era† (Nofi 2001, 10).   In many cases, fight for freedom and equal rights made use of racial differences. In this case, a necessity to rebel served as a causal explanation of it. Rebellion was a relational choice which allowed to start fighting and attract masses of people to rebel. It served like a signal for those who wanted to be free. In sum, Mark Twain gives only general ideas of the historical epoch and morals of people, but does not include real historical facts and events into the novel. Mark Twain idealizes town life paying no attention to racial differences and inequalities which led to social rebellion and struggle.   He does not describe that non-white population obtained a secondary role in the society and was deprived human rights and freedom. Due to industrialization and urbanization, the period under analysis (1830-1850) was a time of chaos and great change which left people with a sense of disillusionment. The historical facts mentioned above show that Mark Twain idealizes a town life and social relations. His specific world view and interpretation of the American history has a great impact on his literary works where he ridicules St. Petersburg citizens, their way of thinking and style of life, their believes and prejudices, because for most of them nothing is sacred: neither love nor human relations. Historical events suggest that racial differences and oppression undoubtedly motivated people to acts of extreme violence against those whom they classify as â€Å"others.† Racial confrontations acting as an original cause of rebellion forced Americans to struggle. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Douglass, F. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. Dover Publications, 1995 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nofi, A.A. The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History. 2001. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fitzgerald, D.G. Cherokee Trail of Tears. Graphic Arts Books, 2006. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taylor, Q. In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528-1990. W. W. Norton, 1998. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Twain, M. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. P.F. Collier & Sons, 1920.            

The Hurricanes Importance essays

The Hurricane's Importance essays 4. Evaluate this movie. What qualities does it have that make if effective or ineffective for you as a viewer? Give specific examples from the movie to support your reasons for your evaluation. The Hurricane has proved itself as an effective movie for all people including me as a viewer through its simple portrayal of lifes balance of good and evil. The choice of actors as characters, an internal battle and ability to relate show the on going war between the two extremes embodied in a movie. The Hurricanes story begins as three white patrons in a predominately white section of New Jersey are murdered in a bar during the tumultuous growing pains of the 60s. Rueben Hurricane Carter was in the prime of his boxing career. He was in simple words a bad, bad man in the ring. He had fought his way back from an uncertain childhood and an abusive period in the State of New Jerseys penal institutions for young men. Beset upon by a racist police officer intent on hanging him out to dry, Rueben had overcome these obstacles and many more to become an internationally known boxer. And in a moment, all his success and all of his achievements would be stolen by a system bent on prejudice and fueled by hatred. The witnesses to the murders said two black men in a white car committed the crime. It just so happened that Rueben and his driver for the evening John Artis, were returning home after an evening of relaxation and celebration at a local nightclub in a white sedan. Detained by the police, Rueben and John were taken to the hospital where one of the victims was being treated. When asked if Rueben and John were the men who did the shooting, the victim clearly said "no", however, racist officers intent on blaming anyone black for the murder pressed the man until they got the answers they wanted. Incredibly, the two, Rueben and Artis, are charged with murder, tried by an all-White bigoted jury and...

Improving a Job Seekers Online Reputation

Improving a Job Seekers Online Reputation Managing your online reputation can help you get a job because it allows you to present your accomplishments and assets to companies wanting to hire. However, if your online reputation is less than good, it can have the opposite effect and keep you from finding your dream job. A few tips on managing your online reputation can make all the difference. According to a survey conducted on social media, 52 percent of recruiters use social media sites to help assess potential job candidates. 1. Fight the Negative With the PositiveIndividuals who Google themselves are sometimes surprised to see something negative pop up that happened years ago. For example, an ugly argument with someone or a photograph that doesn’t represent someone in a positive light can appear. The only real way to counteract negativity is to use positive posts to force the negative ones down in the ratings. Individuals who Google an individual, topic or other items generally don’t go past the first two or three page.2. Use LinkedIn to Your AdvantageLinkedIn is a great place to list your previous jobs, tenure and what you accomplished that benefitted those employers. You might even want to include links to some of your work so that recruiters can see what you have accomplished. Show a little of your personality by including why you picked a particular field and what you use for motivation. Don’t overlook the Recommendations feature. Use it to invite co-workers, bosses and clients to share what an asset you are as an employee.3. Pay Attention to Grammar and SpellingEven if the cover letter and resume you sent to apply for a job was perfect, pay attention to your spelling and grammar when you post on social media. Poor spelling or grammar is a turnoff for recruiters and can end up costing you a potential interview. Saying that you were in a hurry is no excuse. Recruiters may look upon more than the occasional error as a lack of attention to detail and that could reflect negativel y on your chances.4. Skip Controversial SubjectsWhile you may be keenly interested in politics, it might be a better idea to keep this type of post off social media. Recruiters at some companies may not be as appreciative of your opinion of the current slate of candidates, especially if it becomes heated. However, recruiters will look at what your interests are and whether you engage in discussions with others. This is an opportunity for you to present a positive side to a recruiter.5. Offensive or Thoughtless Posts on Social MediaIn a word – don’t. Getting into a discussion on social media is one thing and can leave a positive impression on a recruiter. Getting into an argument that turns nasty is another. Talking negatively about religion, politics, other people’s customs or sexual orientation can be found on Google without too much effort and reflects badly on the job candidate, according to recruiters. In addition, talking about and posting photos of the gre at beer bash from the previous weekend and other things of this nature is not a good idea.6. Use Social Media ProfessionallyStart with your personal website and check through it. Remove posts that may not show you in a favorable light, such as the weekend party with unflattering photos. Instead, use your personal website to share positive work experiences. You can even use it to show off your work history and include a link that can be downloaded. Do the same thing with your LinkedIn profile, Twitter account and Instagram. This is a good opportunity to be creative and show off what you know and what you can do.Using social media is one way a recruiter scouts out a candidate for a job. If there are other candidates for the same job, what you have posted on your social media accounts can make the difference in whether you will be considered for an interview. Having a good reputation online can help get your foot in that door.Just as social media can be used in a positive way to help l and you an interview for a job, using the right job site can help in the same way. TheJobNetwork does exactly that. When you sign up for job match alert, TheJobNetwork seeks job listings for you around the clock and alerts you as soon as new jobs open. In addition, you can use this job site to conduct your own job search.

Business Models Strategy and Innovation

The concept of the business model is basically a structure that supports business viability that includes its goals, purpose and other ongoing plans to achieve them. In simple words, it specifies the description to fulfill an organization's purpose. The business plan is all about elements that are required for demonstrating a prospective business's feasibility, whereas a business model is about demonstrating elements for making the existing business to work successfully. The definition of the business model is described differently by various authors but its common meaning can be defined by two elements – a business system, that can be defined as work systems in form of delivery or production system that are designed by a firm, within its boundaries and beyond for product delivery to target customers. And the next element is profit model, which is a pattern to describe firm’s intention of making profits in existing business. It can include plans to sales increase or/and reducing costs.   It also helps the business to distinguish from other competitors by means of product or price (Verstraete, & Jouison-Laffitte, 2011). Out of the two elements of the business model, the business system is less visible and profit model is more visible. The profit model is observed by outsiders and due to direct linkage to the bottom line of any firm, it is much more glamorous than the business system. However, a business system can be considered as the most significant element in a business model, since it plays two roles – as a system that realizes a firm's differentiation strategic intent which is the real work, and secondly, it accelerates towards future learning processes. During business system design the following things are determined by the firm –the labor division amongst the firm and its partners for trading, internally organizing firm’s in-house system of working and controlling trading activities of partners externally (Weill, Malone, D’Urso, Herman, & Woerner, 2005). The business model as a system works to satisfy needs of customers and tries to do a better job than other competitors. It also enables people working in an organization to explore more about technologies and observe customer's reaction. The business model as a system functions in accordance with learning system while doing the work that involves learning first. It also leaves footprints of the doers while working on any system. It determines two important factors that include maintaining the workflow of in-house and outsourced operations and controlling final delivery options to customers. These factors help the firm to determine ways to learn about market and technology and search for possible partners that are aligned with the firm's goals (Lindgren, 2012). When actual work is done, the flow of various kinds of information takes place and it creates an overall exchange of information from firms to its business partners. As humans are blessed with high thinking and observational po wers, it can directly stimulate by work or action that can be done. This action further provides triggering events and enhances the capacity to form proper strategies for the business system. Also, the business system helps with accumulating information. It is not just dealing with mundane operations to determine operations cost and various products to act as a learning system. It also enables these firms to keep close watch over outside parties like partners and customers and then gains business system's byproducts activity that can quite quickly accommodate and provides growth for improving long-term benefits. Thus, eliminating static problems of any kind. The profit models, on the other hand, has multiple attractions that enable the firming contract to offer lower cost operations that can reduce its operating costs and no longer needs to invest in such work sector (Osterwalder, & Pigneur, 2009). It overall leads to the reduction in capital costs in the firm. If the business model is considered as a system, the doers are accumulators of work related information and approach contract firm that is still learning. The costs can be controlled unless external work can become extra burdens to the firm's business. It integrates together the unbundled and bundled work for carrying out overall operation smoothly, then delivers its final product to customers. This will not become a serious problem if both these bundled, as well as unbundled works, are integrated without creating the transaction costs too expensive. It also means that less learning about work never erodes future growth that has the potential of unbundling firm. The profit model c an override risks that are imposed on the business system due to dynamic problems in firm. There are unexpected environmental conditions that exist in the supplier firms that can change in dramatic ways, and hence threatens the supply lines for destabilizing integration in smooth ways. This significant learning process can produce certain in-house components in a business model that creates a huge innovation towards progressing future market, where a central role is occupied by components to produce new products successfully (Kim, & Min, 2015).   As per the article on the design of business model with a perspective of an activity system, by Raphael Amit and Christoph Zott, it gives a whole new idea about the business model and its various parameters to design its activity systems. The design elements include structure, content, and governance. The element structure describes activities that are linked or in other words have sequences between them that capture their actual importance for a business model. If IBM is considered, during the 90's when a huge financial crisis occurred, the firm was triggered and it forced to switch its peripheral and core activities. Thus shifting the firm's focus from hardware supplier and to become new software service provider. It enabled the firm to rebuild its structure from old known body or core and it helped in becoming one of the greatest service providers in the world. It took those decades but it enhanced its reach and helped them to launch a new range of activities related to IT, consulting, networking and many other services (Dermine, 2013). By the end of the year 2006, almost over half of the revenues generated by IBM amount to ninety billion dollars and it was possible due to investing new technologies or activities that are totally new. The element content is referred to activities selection by the firm that is actually ready to be performed. If an example of retail bank named as Bancolombia is considered, it adopted activities that were designed for offering microcredit to above sixty percent of Colombian citizens who didn't have banking service accesses. The bank adopted training methodologies for top management people to hire new staff and train them. Thus creating and developing new ways to link and expand the existing banking system that includes channels, applications, and platforms (Honohan, 2002). The element governance is referred to people those performing activities. If any franchise is considered, it is relevant to one approach that can work as a key element in value determination in any firm. It's about an adaptation of new business ideas through exploring professional management for creating values that can be added to performance in any business model. The NICE themes for business model design deal with novelty, lock-in activities, complementarities services and efficiency in a model. Novelties are new ways of governance activities, lock-in refers to retaining power by the activity system, and complementarities are the inclusion of value adding services that lead to innovation in a firm and create demand in an actual market (Teece, 2010). The efficiency refers to use of activity system to achieve more output and reducing transaction costs. The essay covers the overall idea regarding the adaptation of business models to run and operate any business firm successfully. Its idea is to understand the concept of business model and its work functioning as an activity system. The elements of business models are discussed in brief along with its focus on handling problems that can arise during business model implementation. The essay also enlightens on partnership and innovation processes along with significant design elements that are necessary for future growths of existing business models. Dermine, J. (2013). Bank Regulations after the Global Financial Crisis: Good Intentions and Unintended Evil.  European Financial Management,  19(4), 658-674. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036x.2013.12017.x Honohan, P. (2002). Comment on â€Å"Costs of banking system instability: Some empirical evidence†.  Journal Of Banking & Finance,  26(5), 857-860. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4266(01)00271-0 Kim, S., & Min, S. (2015). Business Model Innovation Performance: When does Adding a New Business Model Benefit an Incumbent?.  Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,  9(1), 34-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sej.1193 Lindgren, P. (2012). Business Model Innovation Leadership: How Do SME’s Strategically Lead Business Model Innovation?.  International Journal Of Business And Management,  7(14). https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n14p53 Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2009). Business Model Generation. Retrieved from https://www.businessmodelsinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Business-Model-Generation-preview-of-the-book.pdf Teece, D. (2010). Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation.  Long Range Planning,  43. Retrieved from https://www.businessmodelcommunity.com/fs/root/8jig8-businessmodelsbusinessstrategy.pdf Verstraete, T., & Jouison-Laffitte, E. (2011).  A business model for entrepreneurship  (1st ed.). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Weill, P., Malone, T., D’Urso, V., Herman, G., & Woerner, S. (2005). Do Some Business Models Perform Better than Others?.  Sloan School Of Management Massachusetts Institute Of Technology. Retrieved from https://ccs.mit.edu/papers/pdf/wp226.pdf

UK Government Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UK Government Policies - Essay Example The reasons for the banking crisis were many including low real interest rates, too much liquidity and a misjudged faith in the financial system. These three factors created an entourage that was extremely optimistic and full of opposite opinions. By not understanding the sensitive situation, some banks have only themselves to blame (Singh, 2007). The tradition within the banking sector in the UK has been one of the risks taking type that lead to its ultimate failure. Bankers made a mess of the financial reading and hence the financial situation (Singh, 2007). However, this failure was not just restricted to individual banks but also the system constructed to defend the public from risk. Banks got concerned about the value of their mortgage and also about the mortgages they had purchased from other institutes. For this reason they refused to lend to other banks in the money markets (Singh, 2007) The measures that the governments stuck during the financial crisis were public investments like debt and equity which further resulted in acquiring banks and other institutions. Government investments eased the situation of banks that went bankrupt and failed to meet its obligations. It increased the amount of money or capital they had and able to make them go on with their daily business routine. The banks that did not keep up to their reputations were legally intervened by the government as it is a part of legal procedure. This intervention means taking away the license from the banks if they were under performing to the level that they had huge debts. This practice however is very common in the USA and some examples include the closing of Washington the sale to JPMorgan (Giudice, 2012). In some cases a few banks could not be sold and so the government decided to take over them by nationalization. For example in the UK the government nationalized many banks and took over some by b uying through common stock. Common stock gave them the right to owner ship of some of the largest banks in the UK like Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds (Giudice, 2012). To recover from this financial crisis, the government of the United Kingdom came out with different schemes. One of the schemes was known as the recapitalization program. Under this scheme the government agreed to finance the largest banks in the UK by injecting ?50 billion worth of investment. A company called the UK Financials Investment Limited (UFIL) was created to manage investments in these large banks and to check if they were providing lending with reasonable rates of interest to the general public (Lybeck, 2011). The recapitalization program required an approval from Her Majesty’s treasury for banks to attain it. Eight banks and building societies subscribed to the program including RBS and Lloyds who were granted funds worth ?20 billion and ?17 billion respectively. The government also put some dema nds forward. It said that the banks, after receiving funds should try to help people with their mortgage payments so that they could stay in their homes. The government also kept the right to appoint new non-executive directors. The government recapitalized RBS and Lloyds and taking over 70% and 65% respectively. It took complete control over Northern Rock and Bradford & Bingley. The reason

Starbucks the experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Starbucks the experience - Essay Example Basically, employees who are also committed to the organizational goals improve the overall quality of the workforce. Several research studies prove that a high level of customer’s satisfaction could eventually lead to a high customer loyalty. (Entel et al., 2007; Jones & Sasser, 1995) In line with this matter, the constantly increasing Starbucks revenue is a positive sign that shows how well the company is serving its customers. The market share of the company can be very much affected when a customer fails to receive a prompt service from the company. Starbucks HRM approach in providing at a total of five classes workshop training prior to serving the customers is essential in ensuring the delivery of a good quality customer service. (UW Business School, 2003) Considering that not all customers are after low price coffee, the company needs to strive hard in order to retain the loyal of its prospective customers. price they have to pay. (Jiang, 2004) To achieve a good ‘after-delivery satisfaction’, it is a challenge for the company to maintain its reliability at all times. ‘Reliability’ is often linked with aspects such as delivery time – whether each cup of coffee will be delivered as promised, and the consistency of customer service including the order tracking, on-time delivery, customer support and quality of product and services that meets the customer’s expectation. (Smith et al., 2000) The company also extend employee benefits such as medical, dental, vision and short-term disability insurance, paid vacation and holidays, mental health or chemical dependency benefits, employee assistance program, career counselling, product discounts, 401(k) savings plan, and a stock option plan. (UW Business School, 2003) According to Schultz, it is difficult for employees to feel financially and spiritually attached with their jobs without these employement benefits. (Wyss, 2006; MSNBC, 2005) He added that the stock option plan could

Comparative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparative - Essay Example This paper exemplifies various similarities and differences between â€Å"Drunken Master† and â€Å"Fist of Fury†. Firstly, both films are nationalistic and portray the Chinese masculinity. Nationalism and Chinese cinema have always been intertwined. â€Å"Fist of Fury† is situated at the period when China was recovering from degradations and humiliations in the hands of Japanese and other colonial powers. Lee acts as a strong Chinese man who confronts all humiliations and challenges and triumphs over them thus portraying his nationalism. Lee defeats Japanese clearly indicating the triumph of Chinese martial arts over external forms and illustrates how customary martial arts were deeply ingrained in Lee. Additionally, Lee’s triumph and devotion to defending the society is depicted when he uses his Chinese martial arts skills to defend and protect his community against external interference, a factor that further indicates the role that men were supposed to play in the traditional Chinese community. While many analysts document Lee’s nationalism as hugely controversial and th e entire process of defining who a Chinese is as multifaceted and dubious, Lee’s character embodies a Chinese who is anti-Japanese and the avenge against the slaying of his master portray the antagonism that existed between Chinese Nationalists and the ‘others’, typically represented by Japanese villains (Louie, 92). Similarly, in the â€Å"Drunken Master†, the nationalistic spirit and Chinese masculinity are featured through the character of Jackie Chan. Chan, despite being dreadful of Chinese martial arts, is forced to train in it which later enables him to defend his father against being butchered by Yan Ti San who was hired by a business opponent to kill Chan’s father. Chan was to be trained by Beggar who is legendary for crippling students when training. When Chan finds it hard to survive in Beggar’s school, he leaves for Drunken Master’s school and learns

1.Women into senior management. Gender communication barriers Essay

1.Women into senior management. Gender communication barriers - Essay Example , from their colleagues also they do not receive a friendly approach rather their â€Å"work lives had been made intolerant by constant harassment.† In her work, Suppressed, Forced out and Fired: How Successful Women Lose Their Jobs, the Reeves (1951, 65) has remarked, while taking about tragic plight of women at workplaces, â€Å"Several of the women faced bullying and eventual termination from more than one job.† There are also various cases, where, â€Å"women were not technically fired or formally made redundant,† (Reeves, 1951, 65) and those victims have described their situation as â€Å"being forced out.† (Reeves, 1951, 65) Many people can argue that such incidents are mostly frequent in the developing nations. The author has studied cases of ten women and most of them were working in developed nations like UK or Australia. The truth behind such observation we understand not only from analysis of the author but also from our daily experiences. There is no denial of the fact that even in job scenario of the 21st century gender discrimination is a major issue and women are mostly victimized under the prevailing patriarchal atmosphere is the companies. Despite their talent, efficiency and commitment for the company, most often, women have to strive more in comparison with their male counterparts to reach the senior managerial level. Even after reaching such height, she cannot communicate with her subordinates properly due to gender communication barrier. According to the social scientists and psychologists basic features or behaviorist approach of a woman does not suit are not in accordance with modern work culture. Since the post globalization period, the private enterprises have expanded to a great extent and the work culture that is followed there, has also affected huge effect even over the public enterprises also. When a person is elevated at the managerial position he or she is supposed to fulfill a lot of job responsibility, managing and planning for his or

An investigation of public health responses to diabetes Essay

An investigation of public health responses to diabetes - Essay Example This results in increased amounts of sugar in the blood, causing complications usually involving the heart and kidneys. (Wikipedia, 2011) There are three main types of Diabetes. Type 1 Diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs when the pancreas fails to secrete insulin, thus the glucose taken in from food cannot be broken down. The result is a buildup of sugar in the blood that causes complications like kidney failure, retinopathy, heart failure, and hypertension. A patient with this condition requires artificial insulin to be injected regularly in order to control the blood sugar levels. Type 2 Diabetes, or non-insulin dependent diabetes, is similar. In this case, the pancreas is able to secrete small amounts insulin, but the body’s cells cannot receive it. The result is identical. The sugar builds up in the bloodstream, and causes the above complications. The third type is Gestational Diabetes. This occurs in pregnant women only. During pregnancy, the overworked body o f the mother is unable to secrete the excess insulin required, leading to increased blood sugar levels. Women with gestational diabetes are most likely to have large babies. Diabetes is caused by different factors. Obesity is a big predisposing factor. In obese persons, insulin is less able to facilitate the entry of glucose into the liver and adipose tissues. In addition, fat buildup presents a suitable environment for circulatory overload. As sugar builds up in the blood, the density and concentration gradient increases, making the blood thick and viscous. This prevents it from properly circulating around the body. And because the hands and feet are the furthest from the pump center, the heart, they receive the least amount of blood. Lack of nutrients from the blood kills the tissue surrounding the area. Eventually, the hand or food necrotizes, or dies, leaving amputation as the only solution. Not surprisingly, most amputees are a result of Diabetes Mellitus. Heredity also plays a big role. If one of your ancestors or family members had a health history of diabetes, you have more chances of acquiring it, and as you age these chances increase. In spite of all these, the principal factor is a sedentary lifestyle. When your body lacks enough exercise, the heart pumps less blood to the extremities, causing tissue death. (Black, 2001) Classic signs and symptoms of Diabetes are increased thirst, increased hunger, and frequent urination. The thirst occurs when the body mistakes the concentration of sugar in the blood for lack of water, thus it triggers the thirst center in the brain, causing the person to drink more water, which in turn causes him to urinate more. The hunger occurs because the cells cannot utilize the sugar and nutrients, causing them to â€Å"starve†. The body interprets this as lack of food; hence, the person eats more and more. Increase of blood sugar also affects the eyes. Absorption of glucose causes the lens to change shape, resulting in vision changes. The heart usually suffers the most. Because of an increased workload, the heart muscles grow, causing cardiomegaly. As this progresses, the heart, out of exhaustion and overwork, eventually gives up and stops pumping, causing heart failure, and death. Heart attacks are common in chronic high blood pressure. Kidney failure also occurs. The main job of the kidneys is to remove waste from the blood and return the cleaned blood back to the body. In diabetes, the high levels of sugar damage the nephrons, the

Comparative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparative - Essay Example This paper exemplifies various similarities and differences between â€Å"Drunken Master† and â€Å"Fist of Fury†. Firstly, both films are nationalistic and portray the Chinese masculinity. Nationalism and Chinese cinema have always been intertwined. â€Å"Fist of Fury† is situated at the period when China was recovering from degradations and humiliations in the hands of Japanese and other colonial powers. Lee acts as a strong Chinese man who confronts all humiliations and challenges and triumphs over them thus portraying his nationalism. Lee defeats Japanese clearly indicating the triumph of Chinese martial arts over external forms and illustrates how customary martial arts were deeply ingrained in Lee. Additionally, Lee’s triumph and devotion to defending the society is depicted when he uses his Chinese martial arts skills to defend and protect his community against external interference, a factor that further indicates the role that men were supposed to play in the traditional Chinese community. While many analysts document Lee’s nationalism as hugely controversial and th e entire process of defining who a Chinese is as multifaceted and dubious, Lee’s character embodies a Chinese who is anti-Japanese and the avenge against the slaying of his master portray the antagonism that existed between Chinese Nationalists and the ‘others’, typically represented by Japanese villains (Louie, 92). Similarly, in the â€Å"Drunken Master†, the nationalistic spirit and Chinese masculinity are featured through the character of Jackie Chan. Chan, despite being dreadful of Chinese martial arts, is forced to train in it which later enables him to defend his father against being butchered by Yan Ti San who was hired by a business opponent to kill Chan’s father. Chan was to be trained by Beggar who is legendary for crippling students when training. When Chan finds it hard to survive in Beggar’s school, he leaves for Drunken Master’s school and learns

An investigation of public health responses to diabetes Essay

An investigation of public health responses to diabetes - Essay Example This results in increased amounts of sugar in the blood, causing complications usually involving the heart and kidneys. (Wikipedia, 2011) There are three main types of Diabetes. Type 1 Diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs when the pancreas fails to secrete insulin, thus the glucose taken in from food cannot be broken down. The result is a buildup of sugar in the blood that causes complications like kidney failure, retinopathy, heart failure, and hypertension. A patient with this condition requires artificial insulin to be injected regularly in order to control the blood sugar levels. Type 2 Diabetes, or non-insulin dependent diabetes, is similar. In this case, the pancreas is able to secrete small amounts insulin, but the body’s cells cannot receive it. The result is identical. The sugar builds up in the bloodstream, and causes the above complications. The third type is Gestational Diabetes. This occurs in pregnant women only. During pregnancy, the overworked body o f the mother is unable to secrete the excess insulin required, leading to increased blood sugar levels. Women with gestational diabetes are most likely to have large babies. Diabetes is caused by different factors. Obesity is a big predisposing factor. In obese persons, insulin is less able to facilitate the entry of glucose into the liver and adipose tissues. In addition, fat buildup presents a suitable environment for circulatory overload. As sugar builds up in the blood, the density and concentration gradient increases, making the blood thick and viscous. This prevents it from properly circulating around the body. And because the hands and feet are the furthest from the pump center, the heart, they receive the least amount of blood. Lack of nutrients from the blood kills the tissue surrounding the area. Eventually, the hand or food necrotizes, or dies, leaving amputation as the only solution. Not surprisingly, most amputees are a result of Diabetes Mellitus. Heredity also plays a big role. If one of your ancestors or family members had a health history of diabetes, you have more chances of acquiring it, and as you age these chances increase. In spite of all these, the principal factor is a sedentary lifestyle. When your body lacks enough exercise, the heart pumps less blood to the extremities, causing tissue death. (Black, 2001) Classic signs and symptoms of Diabetes are increased thirst, increased hunger, and frequent urination. The thirst occurs when the body mistakes the concentration of sugar in the blood for lack of water, thus it triggers the thirst center in the brain, causing the person to drink more water, which in turn causes him to urinate more. The hunger occurs because the cells cannot utilize the sugar and nutrients, causing them to â€Å"starve†. The body interprets this as lack of food; hence, the person eats more and more. Increase of blood sugar also affects the eyes. Absorption of glucose causes the lens to change shape, resulting in vision changes. The heart usually suffers the most. Because of an increased workload, the heart muscles grow, causing cardiomegaly. As this progresses, the heart, out of exhaustion and overwork, eventually gives up and stops pumping, causing heart failure, and death. Heart attacks are common in chronic high blood pressure. Kidney failure also occurs. The main job of the kidneys is to remove waste from the blood and return the cleaned blood back to the body. In diabetes, the high levels of sugar damage the nephrons, the

Odysseus vs Rama Essay Example for Free

Odysseus vs Rama Essay Two exciting epics that are widely read and well-known across the globe hold many likenesses between the heroes. The Odyssey by Homer and The Ramayana by Valmiki, tell the tales of two heroes who hold many similarities between them even as their stories differ. Both poems are epics because their heroes are great men, well-known to their worlds, both suffer long difficult journeys, and both are aided by as well as taunted by gods and goddesses of their religions and cultures. But in the end both men overcome great tragedy and catastrophes to rightfully rule as kings of their own lands. Odysseus and Rama were both strong warriors of great stature. Athena speaks of Odysseus to his son and calls him â€Å"a mighty man† (Homer, Odyssey, Book I,p. 7). Griffith describes Rama as â€Å"Tall and broad-shouldered, strong of limb,† (Griffith, Book I, stz. 1) who has â€Å"†¦massive jaw and ample chest† and â€Å"strong arms reach below his knee† (Griffith, Book I, stz. 1). Throughout the story these men both are challenged and use their great strength of the warrior to defeat their challengers. Odysseus is challenged by the sea many times and with great strength survives the power of the sea against him. In the house of King Alcinous he describes many a plight where he fought against the drowning waves and the storms of Poseidon. â€Å"†¦. Zeus with white bolt crushed my swift ship and cleft it in the midst of the wine-dark deep†¦. I clung with fast embrace about the keel of the curved ship, and so was I borne for nine whole days†¦. † (Homer, Osdyssey, Book VII, p. 105). Only a man of great strength and endurance could cling in the moving waters for nine whole days without fail. Then, against Poseidon’s enormous waves, Odysseus later survives a storm at sea by swimming through the forcible waves to reach land. For Poseidon, shaker of the earth, stirred up the same, who roused against me the winds†¦. Thus the storm winds shattered the raft, but as for me I cleft my way through the gulf yonder†¦. † (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book VII, p. 105). Odysseus exhibits godly strength against the seas and her challenges. Rama displays an unconquerable stamina in Griffith’s epic. Rama slays a giant to gain the friendship of Agastya but this leads to his being attacked by the giantess Surpanakha and her three sisters. Still they are no match for Rama as â€Å"†¦. they and myriad fiends beside Beneath the might of Rama died† (Griffith, Book I stz. ). Both heroes are challenged by enormous odds and yet both are victorious proving stout strength and stamina above all other men. However, physical strength is not the only weapon these heroes wield. Cunning and strategy play an important role in defeating more powerful enemies. Odysseus exhibits such mental strength against Cyclops when he helps his companions to escape the Cyclops’ cavern. Odysseus devised a plan to deceive Cyclops and in his cunning is even smart enough to predict Cyclops’ call for help from his brethren. And in knowing this, he tells Cyc lops his name is â€Å"Noman. Thus does Cyclops call out for help after Odysseus blinds him with the torched end of a stake and cries â€Å"My friends, Noman is slaying me by guile, nor at all by force† (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 137-8). Thus his friends who thought â€Å"no man† was assaulting their brother determined his suffering to be a sickness sent by Zeus and bade him to call upon his father Poseidon for help and went their ways. Odysseus further exhibits his craftiness when he devises a plan of escape. When Cyclops is blinded, he sets himself before the cave entrance with arms wide to prevent the men’s departure through the cavern mouth. However, Odysseus is more clever than he and fastens three sheep together across and ties a man beneath the middle one’s underbelly. For himself he hangs on beneath the magnificent ram until sunrise when they are allowed through the mouth of the cavern by Cyclops out to pasture to graze. Once far from Cyclops Odysseus comes out from under his ram and then unfastens his men, and they are all able to escape. By their hiding beneath the sheep, Cyclops only felt the fleece and thereby allowed the men to pass through. This is a grand display of cunning. Rama also portrays some semblance of intelligence when he chooses his allies against the demon king, realizing that he can win their loyalty by defeating their enemy and convincing the king of the monkeys that they share a suffrage because they both have been banished from their homelands, Rama is able to convince the monkey army to come to his aid (Griffith, Book I, stz. 1) . â€Å"Who, knowing all the tale, before The sacred flame alliance swore. Sugriva to his new-found friend Told his own story to the end: His hate of Bali for the wrong And insult he had borne so long. And Rama lent a willing ear And promised to allay his fear† (Griffith, Book I, Stz. 1). With his crafty ways, Rama knew since he had slain the object of Sugriva’s , the monkey king’s, hatred, that he would be allied at once with the monkey armies. This was his key to finding his wife, Sita, and rescuing her. Odysseus and Rama were both intertwined with the deities of their cultures. Odysseus had the help of Athena throughout his entire trip home after the war in Troy and his exile with Calypso on her lonely island where he was a kept man by the goddess (Homer, Odyssey, Book I, p. ). Athena bodes Zeus â€Å"O father†¦. if indeed this thing is now well pleasing to the blessed gods, that wise Odysseus should return to his own home, let us then speed Hermes the Messenger†¦. to the island of Ogygia. There with all speed let him declare†¦. our unerring counsel, even the return of the patient Odysseus, that so he may come to his home† (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book I, p. 3). If not for Athena’s plea and reminder to Zeus, Odysseus would have remained with Calypso forever. But Athena provides further assistance and stays beside Odysseus along the way. She is with him when he travels to the house of King Alcinous and tries to protect him and to guide him. â€Å"At that same hour Odysseus roused him to go to the city, and Athene shed a deep mist about Odysseus for the favour that she bare him, lest any of the Phaeacians†¦. should meet him and mock him†¦. † (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book VII, p. 97). And disguised as a maiden she journeys with him home on the ship and stays until he has defeated his wife’s wooers who have consumed the spoils of his home. She lends her assistance when needed such as when she cloaked Odysseus and his son and his men in darkness so that they may leave the town to come back to defeat the wooers in battle. Athena provides even more aid as she convinces his son Telemachus to search for his father and to bring him home. She also gives him advice such as having his mother hide Odysseus’ bow that no man can string other than Odysseus, foreseeing the contest to prove his identity later after his journey (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book II, pp. 25-7). Rama himself is a god although he does not know this. He is the born human entity of the god Vishnu Narayana who has a premeditated plan to take human form and then to defeat the demon god, Ravana hated by all supernatural gods and goddesses alike. But it is not until the end of his epic journey that Rama remembers that his true essence is the god Narayana (Griffith, Book I, stz. 19). This is unlike Odysseus who was favored by the gods and knew of their help and their interest in him as he bore them many sacrifices in return. One such sacrifice being in the cave of the Cyclops as they awaited his return from shepherding his flock. â€Å"Then we kindled a fire, and made burnt-offering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer,Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 132). Such offerings are made throughout the story before and after challenges are met. Once the Cyclops was defeated, Odysseus took the best ram for offering â€Å"†¦the ram for me alone my goodly-greaved company chose out, in the dividing of the sheep, and on the shore I offered him up to Zeus†¦. and I burnt the slices of the thighs. † (Homer, Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 142). From this a conclusion could be drawn: it is expected of a hero to make offering to the gods who find favor with him. Likewise, Rama shows respect to the gods and his father, King Dasaratha, when he unfailingly responds to their commands without question. When asked by Queen Kaikeyi if he promises to honor his father’s vow and do his bidding, Rama replies, â€Å"I, at the bidding of my sire, Would cast my body to the fire, A deadly draught of poison drink, Or in the waves of ocean sink: If he command, it shall be done,My father and my king in one† (Griffith, Book II, stz. 8). Rama leaves for his banishment without delay and without question to honor his father’s vow to Kaikeyi. He meets his challenges without hesitation and follows what the Indians name â€Å"dharma†, the will of the gods (Brockington, 1984, p. 33) or what the Greeks refer to as fate, a story of life darned out by the Muse (Homer, Iliad, 1950, p. 175). Both epics contain heroes who follow their dharma or fate without question and praise and honor their gods. It is when the heroes anger or disrespect the gods that evil befalls them. For example, when Odysseus tells king Alcinous how he injured Cyclops and this angered the creature’s father, Poseidon who aided Cyclops as he attacked the ship with hilltop and large boulder causing waves to drive the ship back to shore. (Homer, Odyssey,1950, Book IX, p. 141-2). Or when Rama slays the giant and angers the demon king Ravan, because Rama is vigilant in his respect to the gods, he overcomes the challenges brought before him when his wife is stolen from him. Rama is the example of true dharma and a great hero to the Indian religion of Hindu. Brockington, 1984, p. 8). Odysseus and Rama both face a great journey and banishment. Odysseus takes twenty years to return from the battle of Troy and suffers many hardships along the way that detain him from reaching his homeland for which he desires. One such suffering be at the hands of Calypso on the Isle Ogygia for seven years where she forced his stay as he had no means by which to depart until Calypso was bade by the gods to sent him adrift on a raft (Homer, Odyssey,1950, Book V, pp. 74-75. Among these misadventures that halted Odysseus’ return, was the Isle of the Lotus-Eaters, where the men ate of the Lotus which made them lose their desire to continue their journey home, and the Sirens who attempted to attract them to their own deaths (Homer, Odyssey, Book IX, p. 128-130). The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus’ journey home once he has befallen these challenges after the War of Troy. This journey takes more time as he meets hardships mostly set upon him by Poseidon, who â€Å"†¦. saw Odysseus as he sailed over the deep; and he was mightily angered in spirit†¦. (Homer, Odyssey, Book V, p. 79) and reveals â€Å"it must be that the gods at the last have changed their purposes concerning Odysseus†¦. But methinks that even yet I will drive him far enough in the path of suffering† (Homer, Odyssey, 1950, p. 79). Thus another journey begins and Odysseus is troubled once again, taking a total of twenty years before he reaches his homeland. If not for Athena’s aid and the aid of the other gods, Odysseus would not have been successful. Rama is also taken from his homeland. On the eve of his preparations to take over the throne for his father, one of his father’s other wives, Queen Kaikeyi , to whom King Dasaratha owes two vows as she had saved his life previously, beseeches the king to throne her son, Bharat and exile Rama for fourteen years to the forest. â€Å"These rites in Ramas name begun Transfer them, and enthrone my son. The time is come to claim at last The double boon of days long-past, When Gods and demons met in fight. And thou wouldst fain my care requite. Now forth to Dandaks forest drive Thy Rama for nine years and five, And let him dwell a hermit there†¦. (Griffith, Book II, stz. 11). With these words Kaikeyi reminds Dasaratha of his promise to her when she saved his life by caring for a fatal wound. She then asks for her son to be throned without challenge from Rama and also that Rama be exiled for fourteen years to live as a hermit in the forest. Kaikeyi only does such a greedy act because her maid Manthara has convinced her that horrible tidings await her future and that of her son if Bharat does not take the throne and Rama is enthroned (Griffith, Book II, stzs. -8). Still, honoring his father’s lamenting bid, Rama departs, ready to make a life anew with his wife and his one half-brother, Lakshmana (Griffith, Book II, stz. 19). As did Odysseus, so did Rama face many sufferings once he left in exile and his journey was not yet over. Sita, his wife, is stolen from him while he is away. Thus Rama, takes on the tasks of allying with the monkey armies to have aid in finding and saving his beloved wife. Then he faces Ravan, the demon king, to save her (Griffi th, Book IV, V, VI). Odysseus’ and Rama’s stories both reveal the importance of a warrior’s weaponry and strength in their respective cultures. When Odysseus returns home, with the deviousness of Athena, he and his son and wife, Telemachus and Penelope, devise a contest to prove his identity so that Odysseus may overtake his kingdom of Ithaca once more. Whosoever can string Odysseus’ prominent bow will have Penelope for his wife and all the kingdom of Odysseus for his own. So does Penelope set the bow and quiver before the wooers. And one by one they attempt to string Odysseus’ mighty bow. But none can accomplish this feat. Once Telemachus convinces the wooers to let the beggar who is his disguised father attempt the feat, â€Å"†¦. Odysseus straightaway bent the great bow, all without effort, and took it in his right hand and proved the bow string, which rang sweetly at the touch, in tone like a swallow â€Å" (Homer, Odyssey, 1950, Book XXI, p. 336). All at once he revealed his true identity and all was lost to the suitors of his wife.

Singapore Airlines: Business, Marketing and Operations

Singapore Airlines: Business, Marketing and Operations This paper study is based on Singapore Airlines (SIA), in this case study the project has discuss about the SIAs Business, Marketing and operational strategy, what are the changes is the SIAs facing in future, how this airline company has changed its strategy and how this airline from a small country-state with a population of about three million people, on an island no larger than the Isle of Man, earn a reputation for being the most constant money-making airline in the world, in spite of the various world-wide recessions. The paper study also discuss about, how the Singapore Airline retained employees and the customers. QUESTION 1: Evaluate SIAs Business, Marketing and Operational Strategies and assess their effectiveness in relation to the competition? Over the last decade Singapore Airline has grown from a local airline into one of the worlds leading passenger and cargo carriers. In an attempt to survive, many of the organization which is working in the same business tried to observe and investigate the approaches or strategy which are using by Singapore Airlines (SIA, 2007). Finally it became clear and understandable that SIA are more competitive because of its business and operations strategy. The long term growth of a business design to provide and maintain shareholder value is called the business strategy. So, this part of the paper contains the business, market and operation strategy of Singapore Airlines. As we all know the SIAs has developed a status for being an industry innovator as well as doing things in a different way than its competitors who are in the same industry line, for example, As the study says SIA was the first airline to introduce free drinks, a choice of meals and free headsets back in the 1970s. Not only this, the Singapore airlines are the first who start a two year programme to install Kris World, that is a new in-flight entertainment scheme, for passengers in all three classes of its Megatop B747s. KrisWorld provides around 22 channels of video entertainment, around twelve digital audio channels, around ten Nintendo video games (Nintendo was best known for console industry and famous for home video game), and always alert the destination information and provides a telephone at each seat. By using this innovative ideas and creativity techniques the SIAs has done wonder in this airline business and earn a reputation for being the most consistent money-making airli ne in the world. Not only this, SIAs has done many changes in the history of airline and they provide numerous innovative ideas and doing things differently than its competitors. SIAs is the one who spend lot of millions in order to install KrisWorld movies; by doing this they had given an amazing entertainment to their customers while traveling and this lead to make them a different from their competitors and by adding this KrisWorld they are the first one to do so and this types of strategy help them a lot in becoming a number one in these business. SIA is the first in the market for discoverer and performer of the mostly innovative live teletext news service (KrisNews) and also for an interactive in-flight shopping service for its aircrafts. These creative and innovative developments by SIA, eventually won numerous awards for the best air lines. SIA was the first airline which bought a collection of finest chefs from all over the world to serve best in-flight cooking for its passengers as well as it was the first airline which tried to accomplish the wants of individual passengers by launch the special meal service with lighter and better options plus the unique in-flight meal service which is specially introduced for young flyers and enabled them to choose their desired meals up to 24 hours before the flight departure. Besides that, SIA started to update its menus monthly and even weekly to create an impression among its frequent travelers and also to keep track of flyers tastes. These were the main line of attack for SIA to compete among its competitors in the market and also to shore up its business strategy1. The main success of SIAs is Singapores Changi airport, Changi is situated in eastern end of the Singapore. Changi airport is one of the world busiest airport QUESTION 2: Using change management models evaluate how the company has changed; in strategic terms. QUESTION 3: What challenges is SIA facing in the future. What should SIAs business and operations strategies be for the future and why? Provide justification for your recommendations. As we know that SIAs is the one of the leading airport in the world but due to the large number of competitors in the world. SIAs have to maintain their top ranking in the future by maintaining their operations and business strategy and by developing more innovative ideas. The challenges which a SIA facing in future is mainly due to their competitors, as we all know in airline business the profit is very less and its mainly because of growing airline industry, passengers have many choices to select the low fare flight, so they must provide the better facility in a lower price that may affect their capital turnover. Recession is also the one of the factor for affecting then in future. Like in recession, there is a reduction in number of fliers. In future there is my advance airplanes/crew because of the competition and so the availability of the best crew is very important. There are more challenges that airline industry is facing like escalating costs and stiff competitions. As this part of the paper contains that which type of business as well as operations strategies should SIAs makes for their future and which makes them different from there competitors. Before going to this we must know about the operations strategy, operations strategy is the total guide of decision made the management which leads to the long-term growth for any type of operations, it is the long term process. Basically operations strategy is the method or tools that help us producing goods and services to the consumers. Operations basically deal with the producing or delivering of goods. This paper study discuss the competitive strategies of Porter, In 1980s Porter has argued that there is two types of competitive advantages which can be shared with either a broad or narrow competitive scope to create four well known business strategies: 2 Cost leadership, Differentiation, Focused low-cost, and Focused differentiation The Porters four competitive strategies are shown in table below:- Competitive Advantage Lower Cost Differentiation Cost leadership Differentiation à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ broad target Low cost focused Focused differentiation à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ narrow target Cost leadership technique or strategy is normally used by the companies for generally generating the profit even though the low price of the product or the services offered. In this strategy company mainly focused on the decreasing of price and retaining their old customer and generating the new one, so by applying this rule to the airline business SIAs have to take some initiative for lowing there prices in spite of that providing the full facility to their passengers. By doing this the SIA is always be a head from its competitor in present as well in future because doing this the high, medium and even low class passenger get attractive towards it and SIAs will make even more profit than earlier. Differentiation strategy, in this strategy a companys offers a service that consumers perceived it as a different and ready to pay a high amount or cost for that. So, SAI have to innovate some new facilities like new entertainment programs while travelling and some advance technology features with some extra cost, and it must be different as well as a new thing for passengers so that they are ready to pay a high amount for it. Or do offering the old facilities but offered it in that manner that passengers are ready to pay a high amount. This type of innovation or creativity make them different from there competitor and good for future also. Focus Differentiation strategy focus on a narrow sector and within that sector, they are attempting to achieve either a price advantage or differentiation. The principle is that the sector which is focusing must be better served by entirely focusing on it. So, SIAs must use this strategy for be a top in their business by focusing in a small small sector and offered better services to the passengers and then they will definitely be a head in the airline business. Reflection on Career Goals: Becoming an Ophthalmologist Reflection on Career Goals: Becoming an Ophthalmologist 1. Please provide evidence of activities and achievements which demonstrate your commitment to a career in this specialty and/or which have led to the development of skills relevant to a career in this specialty.(250 words) My inspiration for becoming an ophthalmologist stemmed from working in DARUL-HIKMAT DARUL-SHIFA, a charity eye hospital in Pakistan, which I have attended biannually since first year in medical school. There I observed how a small procedure brings a remarkable improvement in the quality of a patients life. Out of my own interest, I undertook 2 ophthalmology electives. I was privileged to observe practice on an incredible elective at MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL. It was a great experience and further motivated me to become ophthalmologist. I achieved Distinction in Ophthalmology during my MBBS. As a Foundation year doctor, I regularly attended eye clinics and theatres in my free time. I did a week of a TASTER SESSION and managed to arrange a SPECIAL MODULE in ophthalmology during my GP rotation. I have made several international presentations and have published in peer reviewed journals. I have excellent hand to eye coordination and dexterity. I am competent in Objective Subjective Refraction. The combination of medicine and surgery, along with the variety of cerebral and fine motor skills necessary has drawn me to the specialty. It is the only specialty that has satisfied me to practice medicine at the highest level. Sight is the most valued of senses for many people, and to be in a position to improve and restore sight, as well as prevent eye disease, gives me great pleasure. I am a dedicated, hardworking, and energetic person. In addition, I have passed RCO exams and my experience in ENT, neurosurgery, diabetics and oncology make me a great candidate. 2. Please provide details of outstanding achievements outside the field of medicine. (250 words) I have regularly arranged clinical courses for the junior doctors and GP since 2008. The courses consist of â€Å"ECG interpretation day† â€Å"Pain Management Course† â€Å"Eye ENT day†. This involves a great deal of organizational and managerial skills. This has also given me experience of developing a successful business plans and dealing with the finances, which will be very beneficial for me, in the future, to set up new services in the NHS. Following additional demand, I have setup a company with a name of AR MEDICS to organise courses more widely. We won the first prize of  £5000 in South Asian Federation (SAF) Quiz competition, 2004. As Sports Coordinator at Medical College, I reformed the Sports Society and wrote its new rules and regulations. For the first time in its 25 year history, I arranged sports fixtures with other universities and introduced new sports. This improved college sports reputation remarkably. I was the captain of the basketball team and was awarded â€Å"Colours†. I learned to cope under pressure and improved my leadership decision-making skills. I enjoy hiking mountaineering. I have hiked up to the base camp of Nanga Parbat- the worlds 7th highest peak- and won first prize. 3. Clinical Audit: What experience of clinical audit do you have? Please state clearly where and when this was undertaken and indicate specifically your role. (250 words) â€Å"Evaluation of Glaucoma Management Services† M Amjad, R Job, S Walker. 01/02/2009 at Leighton Hospital. I initiated the study and formulated the pro-forma and collected data, which was presented in the Divisional Audit Meeting. I made recommendations to improve the system. I then re-audited to complete the cycle of the audit.. My material was later presented as poster at the Royal College of GP Annual Congress Nov 2009. A pilot Glaucoma care pathway was initiated from my recommendations., and Glaucoma Medisoft was installed to document and print clinic letters instantly. Improved documentation was made available for the GP ‘Management of Eyelid CA M. Amjad, S Raja. 01/09/2008 at Blackpool Victoria Hospital. Once again, I initiated the literature research, formulated a pro-forma, collected data, and analysed it. I presented this in the departmental audit meeting. â€Å"An Audit of Ophthalmology Emergencies presenting in AE† M Amjad, W Khan. 30/03/2007 at Blackpool Victoria Hospital. I researched the literature, formulated a pro-forma, collected, and analysed data. My conclusions were presented in the Divisional Audit meeting. â€Å"Management of Corneal Abrasion in AE† M Amjad, W Khan. 01/04/2007 at Blackpool Victoria Hospital. Again, I researched literature, formulated the pro-forma, collected, and analysed data, all for a presentation in the Divisional Audit meeting. Guidelines from Kings College Hospital have now been taken up inn the AE department. Management of Gastro-oesophageal CA six years audit† M Amjad, MU Javed. 01/03/2007 at Blackpool Victoria Hospital. I researched literature, formulated a pro-forma, collected, and analysed data. A presentation was made at the North West Regional Meeting for Upper-GI Carcinoma. â€Å"Major Limb Amputation, Environmental Study† M. Amjad, MU Javed, G Riding. 01/06/2007 at Blackpool Victoria Hospital. I designed pro-forma, reviewed literature, collected and analysed data for a presentation in the Divisional Audit Meeting. 2. Managing Teams: Please provide evidence of leadership skills, managing and/or working in teams. You may give examples from both inside and outside medicine. (250 words) I was elected as a Sports Coordinator at Medical College in my final year, which was a great honour and position of responsibility. In order to make this successful, I needed a good team and representatives from each year, whom I appointed. Working through the team and using my leadership skills, I was able to make significant changes. I reformed the Sports Society and devised its rules and regulations. For the first time since its foundation, I arranged fixtures with other universities and introduced new sports. I took on board ideas from team members and organized sponsors and a concert to generate funds. Our efforts improved the colleges sports reputation. This was because of the good management, delegation of responsibilities to team members and proper use of the recourses generated. I also captained the basketball team and was awarded â€Å"Colours.† This experience not only improved my team working and leadership skills, but also improved my ability to perform under pressure and make clear decisions. 5.Teaching Experience: What experience do you have of delivering teaching? (250 words) I have attended the â€Å"How to Teach Course†, in order to learn new teaching skills and develope a methodology. I have been regularly organizing and coordinating a full day study course for junior trainee doctors and GPs on â€Å"ECG interpretation† â€Å"Pain Management† ‘Eye and ENT day since 2008. The feedbacks has been excellent and the courses are very popular. I regularly delivered formal lectures to foundation and AE doctors on the use of slit lamp and management of acute eye problems. The feedback has always been good and higher than that given to my peers. I organized formal teaching and mock OSCE for final year Manchester medical students. In addition, I regularly present and attend the weekly regional teaching to keep up-to-date with advances within the specialty. My written feedbacks from the sessions have been very encouraging. I enjoy teaching and endeavour to continue it. 6. Research: Please provide evidence of research whether past or in progress. If you have undertaken or are undertaking a research project, please give details and indicate your involvement. (250 words) I worked as a junior Research Fellow Gastroenterology under Prof M Umer in Holy Family Hospital. I was involved in two projects, both presented as poster and also published â€Å" CHRONIC HEPATITIS-C RESPONSE TO ANTI-VIRAL COMBINATION THERAPY† A prospective study of 200 patients. The objective was to study the response of chronic hepatitis-C patients to combination antiviral therapy. I reviewed the literature, collected and analyzed data using SPSS. The results showed that combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin for CAH-C helps to treat the disease as well as to improve the symptoms of the patients. â€Å"SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS-C† A case control study involving 1000 patients. The purpose was to study the common symptoms in patients with Chronic Hepatitis-C. I formulated the pro-forma, collected data and analyzed using SPSS. This was my first experience in research. Moreover, it was presented internationally. It gave me a lot of confidence and motivation. I learned the skills needed to search the literature, design a research project and to statistically analyze the results. It also improved my communication and presentation skills. Recently I was involved in two small studies and presented them as poster in RCO annual congresses. They are â€Å" The Impact of GDX in the management of new glaucoma referrals† and â€Å"Post-operative ocular complications after acoustic neuroma surgery† 7. Additional Achievements: Please note any prizes, awards and other distinctions (include specialty and qualifying distinction) which you may have. Please indicate undergraduate or postgraduate award, the awarding body and date awarded. (250 words) Grade A+ in MBBS Examinations, Rawalpindi Medical College, Jun 2005 Distinction in Ophthalmology (MBBS Exams), Rawalpindi Medical College, Apr 2004 Distinction in Forensic Medicines Toxicology (MBBS Exams), Rawalpindi Medical College, Jan 2001 Awarded Gold Medals for best in academics, Education Board, Jan 2000 Won Merit Scholarship for 5 years, Education Board, Jan 1999 8. Presentations: In this section please provide details of your most relevant presentations at local level (state whether departmental, hospital or trust). Please give a statement about your personal contribution to the work. (250 words) I have initiated these projects and presented the using PowerPoint at different meetings. Morbidity and mortality meeting. Presented in divisional meeting. 2009 â€Å"Negative dysphotopsia: Long-term study and possible explanation for transient symptoms.† Oral presentation in Journal Club, Leighton Hospital 2008. â€Å"Management of Eyelid CA† M. Amjad, S Raja Presented in departmental audit meeting in Sept 2008 â€Å"Major Limb Amputation, Environmental Study† M. Amjad, MU Javed, G Riding Presented in departmental audit meeting in Jun 2007 â€Å"An Audit of Ophthalmology Emergencies presenting in AE† M Amjad, W Khan Presented in departmental audit meeting in Apr 2007 â€Å"Management of Corneal Abrasion in [emailprotected] Amjad, W Khan Presented in trust annual review meeting in Mar 2007 â€Å"Management of Gastro-oesophageal CA six years audit† M Amjad, MU Javed Feb 2007 9. Presentations: In this section please provide details of your most relevant presentations at regional and/or national level. Please give a statement about your personal contribution to the work. (250 words) I have initiated, written and presented the following work. â€Å"Patient with previously undiagnosed Autoimmune Hypophysistis (AH) presenting with bilateral recurrent cystoid macular oedema secondary to Intermediate uveitis.† M. Amjad, A Sachdev, V Kotamarhi Submitted for Poster presentation at Royal College Ophthlmology Annual Congress, 2010. â€Å"Post operative complications affecting eyes after acoustic neuroma surgery.† A. Garrick, M. Amjad, I Marsh, C Noonan. Submitted for Poster presentation at Royal College Ophthalmology Annual Congress, 2010. â€Å"Restructuring and Innovating the Glaucoma Services. Role of Primary and Tertiary Care.† M. Amjad, R Job, A Asghar, S Walker. Poster presentation at Royal College of GP Annual National Conference, Glasgow, 2009. â€Å"The impact of GDX in the management of new glaucoma referral.† M. Amjad, R Job, S Walker Poster presentation at North of England Ophthalmology Society, Allensford UK, June 2009. â€Å"Patients perspective of new Intra-vitreal Anti-VEGF treatment† V. Kotamarthi, M. Amjad Poster presentation at Royal College Ophthalmology Annual Congress, Birmingham 2009. â€Å"Chiari malformation with the symptom of photopsiae as the only ocular symptom and no ocular signs.† M. Amjad, V. Kotamarthi Poster presentation at The 10th Congress of International Ocular Inflammation Society, Prague. May 2009 â€Å"Value of Ultrasound in detecting pathology in vitreous haemorrhage.† T. El-kashab, M. Amjad Oral presentation The 10th Congress of International Ocular Inflammation Society, Prague. May 2009 â€Å"A Case of Idiopathic Sclerochoroidal Calcification associated with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma.† M. Amjad, T. El-kashab, R Job, A Needham Poster presentation at The 10th Congress of International Ocular Inflammation Society, Prague. May 2009 Communication and interpersonal skills: Please give a recent example that demonstrates that you possess these skills. (150 words max) A 59 year old gentleman was referred over the weekend with a six month history of left temporal ache. All the examinations and bloods were normal, except for a disc swelling on his left side. I informed my consultant and devised a plan. Then, I liaised with the ENT and on call radiologist to review the patient. I kept the patient and his partner informed about all the progress throughout this time. After arranging an urgent scan, which showed a mass compressing his orbit, I arranged for the admission and booked theatre for removal of the mass compressing orbit. As the focal point of communication between concerned groups, I enabled us to work as a large team, efficiently and effectively, to save the patients eye from future complications. My ability to communicate and delegate facilitated the effective success of a multi-disciplinary team approach to patient care. Initiative: Please give a recent example that demonstrates initiative. (150 words max) In October 2008, I attended a busy eye camp in Pakistan. During my stay, I was astonished to find that operations are cancelled on-table by the surgeons due to high IOP. Only high risk patients were having their IOP checked due to high patient turnover. This resulted in a huge waste of resources. After discussion with the management, I took the initiative to provide a solution to this problem. After research and discussions with senior doctors visiting the camp, I proposed to use a puff tonometer to check IOP of all patients undergoing surgery. This method doesnt require extraordinary skill to use, hence it is effective in a busy camp. This proposal was accepted by the supervisors. It had been a great success with surgical cancellations dropping by more than 95%. I received a letter of thanks. Making such a difference in patient care makes me proud. PAPER 2 Describe how you realised that you wanted to become an Ophthalmologist? [Edit] My inspiration for becoming an ophthalmologist stemmed from working in DARUL-HIKMAT DARUL-SHIFA, a charity eye hospital in Pakistan, which I have attended biannually since my first year in medical school. There I observed how a small procedure brings a remarkable improvement in the quality of a patients life. Out of interest, I undertook 2 ophthalmology electives and I was privileged in observing practice on an incredible elective at MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL. It was a great experience and further motivated me to become ophthalmologist. Achieving a Distinction in Ophthalmology during my MBBS, I joined Rawalians Research Forum during my final year in medical school, where I published two research papers. Since then I have been actively involved in audits and clinical studies. I have presented 14 papers in international and national conferences. In addition, I have several published articles in many journals. Most notably during the Haematology, I was involved in ‘randomized control trials. As a Foundation year doctor, I regularly attended eye clinics and theatres in my free time. I did a week of a TASTER SESSION and managed to arrange a SPECIAL MODULE in ophthalmology during GP rotation. I have excellent hand to eye coordination and dexterity. I am competent in Objective Subjective Refraction. In my recent job I have done 53 Phacoemulsifications,6 Squint Surgeries, 23 IV injections, and 64 argon YAG laser procedures. The combination of medicine and surgery, the variety of cerebral and fine motor skills necessary has drawn me to the specialty. It is the only specialty that has satisfied me at the highest level. Sight for many is the most valued of senses and to be in a position to improve and restore eyesight, and prevent eye disease gives me great pleasure. I am dedicated, hardworking, and energetic person. In addition, I have passed RCO exams and my experience in ENT, neurosurgery, diabetics and oncology will make me a great candidate. What do you think are the main issues in solving global blindness by 2020? [Edit] Approximately 314 million people worldwide live with low vision and blindness. 90% of these blind people live in low-income countries. 80% of blindness is avoidable. Without effective, major intervention, the number of blind people worldwide has been projected to increase to 76 million by 2020. The major causes of blindness in the world are cataract (50%), refractive errors (15-30%), Trachoma, Onchocerciasis, Glaucoma, Diabetic Retinopathy, Age Related macular degeneration. According to WHO, restorations of sight and blindness prevention strategies are among the most cost-effective and gratifying interventions in health care. In 1999, WHO launched VISION 2020 The Right to Sight. It is a joint programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) with an international membership of NGOs, professional associations, eye care institutions and corporations. It aims for control of avoidable blindness by 2020; to achieve the aim the following issues need to be addressed. HR development: adequate and purposeful training of all eye care personnel is a key factor. Apart from ophthalmologists, the ophthalmic nurse, ophthalmic medical assistants and especially refractionsists should be recruited and trained appropriately. Infrastructure Equipments development: facilities should be equipped according to the tasks. Local entrerpreaunership should be encouraged to participate to reduce cost and enhance sustainability. Awareness Education of local community: community participation is vital and this can be achieved by creating awareness in the public about the diseases and the facilities available to treat and prevent them. Funding: regular and new funding sources should be explored. Outside medicine, what personal attributes make you a good candidate for a career in Ophthalmology? [Edit] I possess combination of qualities through which I have not only achieved over and above the required competencies mentioned in the RCOphth curriculum for ST1 and F2 but also a good working relationship with the colleagues to prove as a good and successful ophthalmologist. I maintain good rapport with patients. During my foundation training, I had experience of caring for terminally ill patients, breaking bad news and discussing the patients care and resuscitation status with their family, which I was able to do in an empathetic and sensitive manner. I am actively involved in audits, and publications to maintain good medical practice alongside the tough demands of clinical work. This requires refinement of my time management and organizational skills. I believe in sharing the skills and experiences, which I do by not only involving myself in teaching but also in charity and voluntary work. I possess qualities of a good team leader and an effective team player, which I have gained thr ough my clinical and non-clinical experiences. I prioritize work and this helps me in coping when working under pressure. I am making most of the opportunities to gain experience and refine my personal skills and will do my best to become a good ophthalmologist. Injuries in Sports and Exercise | Case Studies Injuries in Sports and Exercise | Case Studies PDG. Understanding Injury in Sport and Exercise Settings Self-Selected Case Studies Introduction In this case study we shall consider three athletes who are superficially similar and have presented with injuries as a result of their sport. The athletes will be referred to as Mr.A, Mr. B and Mr. C. Each is in their twenties and are club standard runners. Mr.A fell during a training run and sustained an inversion injury to his left ankle. Mr. B presented with a pre-patella bursitis of his right knee and Mr. C could not compete because of severe metatarsalgia. Mechanism and pathophysiology of injury If we consider the aetiology and mechanisms of each injury we can see that although they are largely sports related and, to a degree sports specific, each is fundamentally different in terms of presentation, cause, treatment and outcome. Let us consider Mr. A. who fell during training. He was a modest club runner who ran sporadically for personal enjoyment. He sustained an acute inversion injury which resulted in a partial tear of the lateral malleolar ligament. This ligament effectively joins the Tibia to the talus and calcareous and is largely responsible for the lateral stability of the joint. (Clemente C D 1975). There was immediate pain and subcutaneous swelling and, although he could weight bear immediately after the injury, Mr.A could only walk with great pain. Lateral distortion of the joint was extremely painful. The fundamental aetiology of the injury was a sudden inversion stress to the ankle which was greater than the ligament could withstand and this resulted in rupture of some of the collagen fibres of the lateral ligament together with the underlying joint capsule. This allowed substantial bleeding to track into the surrounding tissues which, together with both extravasation of synovial fluid and accum ulation of tissue oedema, led to the clinically apparent swelling over the lateral malleolus. Mr. B, by contrast, was a fiercely competitive sub-elite runner who noticed his injury developing more slowly over a period of about ten days. He was preparing for a race and had increased his running schedule both in intensity and distance covered. Initially he was aware of a discomfort in the anterior aspect of his knee which felt superficial. This was apparent at the end of his training sessions and persisted for a few hours while travelling home. As the training sessions intensified, the pain grew more persistent until it occurred throughout his running session. Although it was a nuisance, it was not severe. By the end of ten days it had become very severe to the point that there was demonstrable swelling over the lower pole of the patella which was tender to the touch and constantly painful. The mechanism of this injury is typical of the overuse injury seen with overtraining. It is believed to arise initially from micro tears within the body of the patella ligament which become inflamed and the constant stresses involved with training do not let the injury heal sufficiently and the inflammation becomes accumulative to the point that histology would show inflammatory changes occurring throughout the ligament and this, in turn, causes friction on the surrounding structures. (Hewett T E et al. 1999) This is manifest as a constant progressively painful swelling localised in the region of the patella ligament and is aggravated by movement of the knee joint. It is tender to the touch and limits exercise. Mr. C was a club runner of modest ability, but with an over optimistic appreciation of his own ability, who trained with the elite runners at the club. He frequently complained of minor injuries that were blamed for his particular lack of performance in races. On this occasion he presented with pains in his forefoot over the metatarsal heads which was very specific and occurred when the toes were flexed but not when they were extended (an unphysiological finding). He could run, but complained bitterly of forefoot pain after the race and could be seen hobbling off the track and around the changing rooms after the race. Examination of his foot was completely unremarkable and no consistent physical abnormality could be found. It was noticeable that Mr. C vociferously blamed this problem for his inability to perform well. No physical diagnosis was made but the aetiology of his complaint was thought to be a psychosomatic manifestation of his anxiety relating to his inability to beat the b etter runners at the club. This equated to a mechanism of cognitive distortion and denial together with a compensatory conversion symptom complex to rationalise his poor performance. (Patel D R et al. 2000) In short we see three competitive runners with common presentations of injury, but three very different mechanisms of pathophysiology and aetiology. Each will require a different approach to treatment and will follow a very different illness trajectory. Psychology of sports injury There are a number of different theoretical concepts (with differing degrees of security of evidence base) that can be usefully employed in describing sporting motivation and are therefore relevant to the incidence of sporting injury. (Wigfield A et al. 2000) The literature on these subjects is very extensive and beyond the scope of this essay to consider in any degree of detail. Reversal theory (Apter M J 2001) is commonly utilised in this regard and can describe relationships between the personality characteristics and motivational stimuli. Paratelic dominant athletes commonly enter the paratelic motivational state and are typically arousal seekers and engage in high risk and highly competitive sports (viz Mr. B )(Cogan N A et al. 1998) Mr.A, by contrast is the typical telic dominant athlete who tend to be arousal avoiders, who plan and consider their training carefully and prefer low intensity experiences. (Kerr J H et al. 1999) Let us start this consideration of the psychology of sports injury with an assessment of Mr. C who presents with a primarily psychological complaint Mr. C has an overtly psychosomatic presentation. This can be conveniently described in terms of reversal theory (Apter M J 2001). and the paratelic concept (Murgatroyd S et al. 1978). There are aspects of the metamotivational states described in the theory which are relevant to Mr. C’s perception of his motives for continued participation in running even when he was clearly failing to achieve his set targets. If appears that Mr. C has developed a variation of a paratelic protective framework with somatic constructs. He needs the high arousal gratification of the paratelic dominant athlete by lining up on the starting line with the elite athletes, but has developed his idiosyncratic phenomenological frame as a coping mechanism which allows him a sensation of safety from his perception of failure with a series of somatic excuses for his failure to perform. (Kerr J H 2001) One psychological technique that has been demonstrated to work in this type of case is a form of cognitive behaviour therapy which allows a realisation of the implications of an action to be re-evaluated by the client. (Fowler D et al. 1995) This was combined with a strategy of the setting of â€Å"step-by-step† short term goals. This effectively allowed the client to consider his need to unrealistically compare himself with the elite athletes and to allow him to achieve progressive attainable targets, thereby recognising and capitalising on achievement rather than ruminating on poor past performance comparisons with other (better) athletes. (Pain M et al. 2004). The idea is that by setting and achieving some short term goals, the client can focus on the present, make small progressive steps, and recognise new achievements, instead of ruminating on past performance level. (Hall H K et al. 2001). Complicity by the clinician in agreeing that his symptoms may actually be physical can be completely counterproductive in this type of case (see on) Injury management The object of management of any injury is clearly to maximise the degree of recovery possible and to limit and residual disability that may occur as a result of the injury. In broad terms we can consider the immediate (first aid) treatment and the subsequent longer term management as separate issues. (Hergenroeder A C 2003) In the case of Mr.A’s acute injury the essential elements of treatment (once the diagnosis has been confidently made) should be to prevent further tissue damage and bleeding by immobilisation of the joint (splinting), prompt cooling to reduce the tissue reaction to the injury, analgesia to relieve the pain (but with the caveat that pain relief should not be an indication to stress the joint) and pressure to minimise blood and tissue fluid accumulation. The longer term considerations should be that weight bearing should be kept to a minimum for about 7-10 days. Mobilisation should then begin in a graded fashion over about four to six weeks. Running on flat surfaces could realistically begin (possibly with an ankle support) after that time. Mobilisation (both active and passive) is necessary to ensure that the fibroblastic activity of the ligament repair mechanism does not restrict movement of the joint to the degree that the long term restriction of movement becomes a problem. (Orchard J 2003) Mr.A would be well advised to avoid running on uneven surfaces for a period of many months and to undertake a course of physiotherapy involving modalities such as wobble board training to improve his proprioceptive capabilities. (Lephart S M et al. 1997) Because of the injury, Mr.A should always regard himself as more prone to get a recurrence if he were to have another fall. Mr. B should be treated in a distinctly different way. There is no â€Å"acute† first aid treatment as such, as the critical factor here is to recognise that the injury is the result of overuse of a joint. Rest, or in some cases simply a reduction in the training schedule, is often all that is needed to allow the condition to resolve. (Krivickas L S 1997) There is some evidence to suggest that the use of NSAIAs may help to reduce the inflammatory reaction and thereby increase the speed of recovery but their use must be undertaken with caution because of the propensity of runners to consider that the analgesic properties of the NSAIA group can be equated with evidence of suppression of the pathophysiology of the lesion, and therefore they can start to increase their training schedule thinking that the inflammation has settled because the knee is pain free. (Nickander R et al. 2005) Some clinicians would recommend the use of steroid injections in the paratendon tissues. It has to be noted that this is contentious because of the risk of tendon damage if the steroid is injected into the wrong area. Mr. C requires no immediate physical treatment. Indeed on an intuitive basis, physical treatment could be considered counterproductive as it could be viewed as reinforcing his aberrant adaptive and compensatory mechanisms by colluding in the physical nature of his pathology. By entrenching his position, the clinician could be actually aggravating the problem. Once confidently diagnosed, Mr. C should be promptly referred to a competent sports psychologist for treatment along the lines that we have outlined above. Lecture to club The first serious examination of sports injuries as a specific entity was carried out by William Haddon in 1962 (Haddon W et al. 1962). The growth in interest since then has been exponential. In terms of general observation about sports related injuries we can observe that it is generally accepted that one of the common predictive factors for an injury is a history of previous injury. (Watson A W 2001) ( Lee A J et al. 2001) Various studies have reported increased odds ranging from 1.6 to 9.4. (Chalmers D J 2002). In order to accommodate this information it is clearly important to know the other risk factors involved The practical problem is that in order to assemble a coherent evidence base on this issue it is vital to have well designed and robust trials to consider. In short, there are very few of these. (Parkkari J et al. 2001). A critical analysis of the literature on the subject reveals that there is a surprising paucity of evidence for any significant preventative measure for sports injury. Part of the reason for this is that if there is anecdotal evidence that a procedure reduces the risk of injury then it is likely that a substantial proportion of participants will already be using it. This makes double blind trials almost impossible. Van Mechelen ran a trial of the prophylactic value of warming up and down only to find that over 90% of participants were using the technique already. (van Mechelen et al. 1993) It is clearly of dubious ethical possibility, quite apart from a practical possibility to get a control group of athletes not to warm up just to see if they are more likely to get injured. The management of sports injuries is therefore largely a combination of intuition based on anatomical and physiological principles, guided by experience and validated by what scientific evidence base there is on the subject. The three case studies presented above have all occurred in similar status club runners for completely different reasons. This therefore exemplifies the need to undertake a holistic assessment of each case in order to be in a position to make a confident and accurate diagnosis. One should note that there are occasions when the injury or the pathology is blindingly obvious, but it is more common to have to undertake further investigations in order to firmly establish the diagnosis. Mr.A might require X-Rays to exclude a chip fracture of his lateral malleolus. Mr. B might require some blood tests to exclude a connective tissue disorder and Mr. C may need further assessment in order to be confident that there is no genuine physical pathology. References Apter M J. (2001). Motivational styles in everyday life: a guide to reversal theory.  Washington: American Psychological Association, 2001. Chalmers D J (2002). Injury prevention in sport: not yet part of the game? Inj. Prev., Dec 2002 ; 8 : 22 25. Clemente C D. (19750. Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body.  Philadelphia, PA: Lea Febiger; 1975 (Figure 180). Cogan N A, Brown R I F. (1998). Metamotivational dominance, states and injuries in risk and safe sports. Pers Individ Dif 1998 ;10 :789–800. Fowler D, P A Garety, L Kuipers (1995). Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis: Theory and Practice. London : Wiley 1995 Haddon W, Ellison A E, Carroll R E. (1962). 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Extreme risk taker who wants to continue taking part in high risk sports after serious injury. Br. J. Sports Med., Jun 2004 ; 38 : 337 339. Parkkari J, Kujala U M, Kannus P. (2001). Is it possible to prevent sports injuries? Review of controlled clinical trials and recommendations for future work.  Sports Med 2001 ; 31 : 985–95. Patel D R , E F Luckstead (2000). Sport participation, risk taking and health risk behaviours. Adolesc Med, 2000 Vol 312 pg 22-30 Stevenson M R , Peter Hamer, Caroline F Finch, Bruce Elliot, and Marcie-jo Kresnow (2000). Sport, age, and sex specific incidence of sports injuries in Western Australia. Br. J. Sports Med., Jun 2000 ; 34 : 188 194. van Mechelen W, Hlobil H, Kemper H C G, et al. (1993). Prevention of running injuries by warm-up, cool-down, and stretching exercises. Am J Sports Med 1993 ; 21 : 711–19 Watson A W. (2001). Sports injuries related to flexibility, posture, acceleration, clinical defects, and previous injury, in high-level players of contact sports. Int J Sports Med 2001 ; 22 : 222–5 Wigfield A, JS Eccles (2000). Expectancy -value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2000 ############################################################## PDG